Ward 2020.
| Study characteristics | |
| Methods |
Study design: RCT Duration of study: the study was conducted between February 2014 and March 2016. Country: South Africa Income classification: upper‐middle income country in 2014‐2016 Geographical scope: two historically black African peri‐urban settlements, amongst the most deprived in Cape Town, with high levels of HIV and community and family violence Healthcare setting: community |
| Participants | 1. Age: the majority of caregivers' age/range – 25‐38 years (58.78% for control group and 62.16% for intervention group) 2. Gender: both 3. Socioeconomic background: not specified 4. Educational background: not specified Inclusion criteria: a. age 18+ years; b. primary caregiver of child aged 2 to 9 years, regardless of status as biological parent; c. co‐residing with child 4+ nights per week; d. reporting 15+ problem behaviours on the ECBI problem scale. Exclusion criteria: not specified. Note: at baseline, the intervention and control group scores for Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were, respectively, 15.74 (10.90) and 15.39 (12.12). At baseline, the intervention and control group scores for Parenting Stress Index (PSI) were, respectively, 114.59 (19.33) and 111.92 (21.53). At baseline, the intervention and control group scores for Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey were, respectively, 21.03 (5.98) and 20.58 (6.29). Stated purpose: to explore whether a programme designed for the conditions of LMICs could be delivered with fidelity, acceptable to caregivers, and effective in increasing positive parenting and decreasing harsh parenting, thereby reducing child conduct problems. We aimed to target families at elevated risk for harsh parenting by screening for the presence of parental concern about child conduct problems. |
| Interventions |
Name: Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) programme Title/name of PW and number: paraprofessional community members 1. Selection: high school‐level education 2. Educational background: high school‐level education 3. Training: facilitators hired and trained during the first pilot study to conduct the programme (Lachman 2017) 4. Supervision: not specified 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated – participants presented with some level of distress as indicated by the BDI scores. Intervention details: PLH for Young Children, a low‐cost 12‐session programme designed to increase positive parenting and reduce harsh parenting and conduct problems in children aged 2 to 9. The first half of the programme focused on positive relationship building through dedicated one‐on‐one time and positive reinforcement of desirable behaviour. Subsequent sessions taught limit‐setting through instruction giving, household rules, and daily routines and nonviolent discipline strategies using redirect, ignore, time‐out, and consequences for decreasing undesirable behaviour. Caregivers practiced new skills in role‐play during each of the 12 three‐hour sessions and at home with their children. Control: usual care (services as usual) |
| Outcomes |
Participants’outcomes of interest for this review
Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (< 1 month, 7‐24 months) |
| Notes |
Source of funding: funded largely by Ilifa Labantwana, a South African NGO and in part by the European Research Council (ERC) [FP7/2007‐2013/ERC grant agreement n°313421], the John Fell and Clarendon Funds, Rand Merchant Bank Fund, and the ApexHi Charitable Trust. Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): validated questionnaires. All measures were translated into isiXhosa (the local language) by consensus forward translation and checked by back translation. Additional information: none Handling the data: not applicable Prospective trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02165371); Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR201402000755243); Violence Prevention Trials Register (www.preventviolence. info/Trials?ID=24). |