Yu 2002.
| Study characteristics | |
| Methods |
Study design: RCT Duration of study: the study was conducted between 1998 (training) and 2002 (publishing). Country: Beijing, China Income classification: low‐income country in 1998, low‐and‐middle‐income country from 1999 to 2002 Geographical scope: not specified Healthcare setting: schools affiliated to Peking university |
| Participants | 1. Age: 11.8 ± 1.69 years 2. Gender: both 3. Socioeconomic background: most living in a family with monthly income of 1001‐2000 yuan 4. Educational background: 4th/5th/6th grade in primary school or 1st or 2nd grade in high school Inclusion criteria: a. 4th, 5th, and 6th grade children in the Affiliated Elementary School of Peking University and 1st and 2nd grade children in the Affiliated High School of Peking University; b. presence of depressive symptoms, screened with Children's Depression Inventory (CDI); c. family conflict, screened with conflict subscales of FES. Exclusion criteria: no exclusion criteria. Note: at baseline, the intervention and control group scores for CDI were, respectively, 17.44 (9.47) and 16.72 (9.29). Stated purpose: the Penn Optimism Program (POP) developed at the University of Pennsylvania was designed to prevent future depressive symptoms in children and young adolescents at risk. The intervention goals were to enhance participants’ resilience in the face of negative life events by training them to challenge pessimistic causal explanations and teaching them other coping strategies. |
| Interventions |
Name: the POP Title/name of PW and number: 8 teachers 1. Selection: four facilitators were recruited from the two schools as leaders of the treatment groups. Although these teachers taught other courses, the possibility of multiple‐role interference was eliminated by arranging that children taught by a teacher in school courses would not participate in groups led by that teacher. 2. Educational background: not specified 3. Training: the teachers received a total of 40 hours training in summer 1998 by David Lei Yu (first author). A manual was used during the training. 4. Supervision: weekly supervision meetings were scheduled to ensure teaching quality and adherence to the manual, especially at the beginning of the intervention. 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated – participants presented with some level of distress as indicated by CDI scores. Quote: “The two screening questionnaire [Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Cohesion and Conflict subscales of FES] scores were converted to z scores and summed. Three hundred fifty‐five children whose overall risk scores were in the top 25% of their age group were invited to participate. The opportunity to participate in the study was offered in descending order based on the risk scores”. Intervention details: the POP is designed to prevent future depressive symptoms in children and young adolescents at risk. The intervention goals are to enhance participants' resilience in the face of negative life events by training them to challenge pessimistic causal explanations and teaching them other coping strategies. It comprises 10 sessions covering topics such as the ABC mode for thoughts and feelings, thinking styles, de‐catastrophizing, family conflict, assertiveness and negotiation, coping with conflict, dealing with procrastination, social‐skills training, decision‐making and problem‐solving. Control: no intervention |
| Outcomes |
Participants’outcomes of interest for this review
Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (< 1 month, 1‐6 months) |
| Notes |
Source of funding: not available Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): the CDI has demonstrated satisfactory levels of reliability and validity in the United States as well as in mainland China. They found the internal consistency of the CDI (Cronbach's alpha) to be from 0.81 to 0.89 in various studies in China. Additional information: none Handling the data: not available Prospective trial registration number: not available |