Table 4.
Comparison of microscopy, RDT, uRDT for detecting P. falciparum during the screening and the follow-up
| Test | qPCR | Value (95% CI) | LR(+) | LR(-) | Kappa (95%CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | ||||||||
| Screening (N = 249) | Microscopy | (+) | (-) | ||||||||
| (+) | 80 | 4 | 61.5% (52.6–69.9) | 96.6% (91.6–99.0) | 95.2 (88.3–98.1) | 69.7 (64.9–74.1) | 18.3 (6.9–48.4) | 0.4 (0.32–0.5) | 0.57 (0.48–0.66) | ||
| (-) | 50 | 115 | |||||||||
| RDT | (+) | 106 | 6 | 81.5% (73.8–87.8) | 95.0% (89.4–98.1) | 94.6% ( 89–97.5) | 82.5% (76.6–87.1) | 16.2 (7.4–35.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.76 (0.68–0.84) | |
| (-) | 24 | 113 | |||||||||
| uRDT | (+) | 116 | 7 | 89.2% (82.6–94) | 94.1% (88.2–97.6) | 94.3% (89–97.1) | 88.9 (83–92.9) | 15.2 (7.4–31.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.83 (0.76–0.9) | |
| (-) | 14 | 112 | |||||||||
| Follow-up (N = 248) | Microscopy | (+) | 8 | 1 | 28.6% (13.2–48.7) | 99.6% (97.5–100) | 88.9% (51–98.4) | 91.6% (89.7–93.2) | 62.9 (8.2–484.1) | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) |
| (-) | 20 | 219 | |||||||||
| RDT | (+) | 23 | 10 | 82.1% (63.1–93.9) | 95.5% (91.8–97.8) | 69.7% (55.0–81.2) | 97.7 (94.0–98.7) | 18.1 (9.6–33.9) | 0.19 (0.1–0.4) | 0.72 (0.7–0.85) | |
| (-) | 5 | 210 | |||||||||
| uRDT | (+) | 23 | 12 | 82.1% (63.1–94) | 94.6% (90.7–97.1) | 65.7% (51.9–77.3) | 97.7% (95–98.9) | 15.1 (8.5–26.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.69 (0.55–0.83) | |
| (-) | 5 | 208 | |||||||||
RDT (rapid diagnostic test); uRDT (ultra-sensitive rapid diagnostic test); qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction); ( +) (positive); (-) (negative); PPV (positive predictive value); NPV (negative predictive value); CI (confidence interval); N (sample size); LR( +):likelihood ratio