Table 1.
Main characteristics and outcomes of the reviewed articles
| Article | N (analysed) | N° sessions and tDCS parameters (duration, intensity, electrode area) | tDCS electrode placement | Variables | Design | Other therapy | MS type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baroni et al., 2022 | 16 (16) |
10 sessions 15 min 2 mA Electrodes of 35 cm2 |
+: cerebellum right hemisphere -: ipsilateral buccinator |
TUG 8-feet test DGI MSWS-12 |
Pre Post After 2 weeks |
Task-oriented training |
RR PP SP |
| Ehsani et al., 2022 | 37 (30) |
10 sessions 20 min 1.5 mA Electrodes of 35 cm2 |
+: cerebellum right hemisphere -: right buccinator |
Biodex balance system Berg Scale FES-1 |
Pre Post After 1 month |
Postural training | |
| Iodice et al., 2015 | 20 (20) |
5 sessions 20 min 2 mA Electrodes of 35 cm2 |
+: M1 contralateral to the most affected side -: supraorbital area contralateral to the anode |
MSWS-12 |
Pre Post After 1 week |
RR | |
| Marotta et al., 2022 | 17 (17) |
10 sessions 20 min 2.5 mA Electrodes of 25 cm2 |
+: M1 (C3) -: supraorbital area |
TUG 6MWT Berg Scale FRI |
Pre Post After 4 weeks After 6 weeks |
Conventional physical therapy | RR |
| Mohammadkhabeigi et al., 2022 | 29 (29) |
5 sessions 20 min 2 mA Electrodes of 25cm2 |
+: M1 (CZ) -: supraorbital area |
Berg Scale TUG 6MWT |
Pre Post |
Core stability training | RR |
| Nguemeni et al., 2022 | 22 (22) |
6 sessions for 2 weeks 15 min 2 mA Electrodes of 35 cm2 |
+: cerebellum ipsilateral to the most affected -: ipsilateral buccinator |
FGA TUG 2-min walking test 50-meters walking test |
Pre Post After 6 weeks |
Split Belt Treadmill | |
| Oveisgharan et al., 2019 | 17 (13) |
7 sessions 30 min 2.5 mA/cm2 Electrodes of 16 cm2 |
+: M1 (CZ) -: inion |
T25FW MSWS-12 |
Pre Post |
RR | |
| Pilloni et al., 2020 (1) | 17 (17) |
1 session 20 min 2.5 mA/cm2 Electrodes of 25 cm2 |
+: M1 (C3) -: contralateral supraorbital area |
10MWT TUG |
Pre Post |
Aerobic exercise |
RR PP |
| Pilloni et al., 2020 (2) | 18 (15) |
10 sessions 20 min 2.5 mA/cm2 Electrodes of 25 cm2 |
+: M1 (C3) -: FP2 |
10MWT 2-min walking test MSWS-12 |
Pre Post |
Aerobic exercise |
RR PP |
| Rahimibarghani et al., 2022 | 50 (39) |
12 sessions 25 min 1.5 mA Electrodes of 16 cm2 |
+: M1 dominant hemisphere (C3) -: contralateral shoulder |
TUG 2-min walking test 5-min walking test |
Pre Post After 1 month |
Exercise on a stationary bike |
RR PP SP |
| Workman et al., 2019 | 12 (12) |
1 session 13 min 2 mA/cm2 Electrodes of 25 cm2 |
+: contralateral M1 to the most leg affected (C3-C4) -: contralateral supraorbital area |
6MWT |
Pre Post |
RR |
6MWT: 6-minute Walking Test; 10MWT: 10-minute Walking Test; DGI: Dynamic Gait Index; FGA: Functional Gait Assessment; FP: Frontal Polar; M1: Primary Motor Cortex; MSWS-12: Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale 12-items; PP: Primary Progressive; RR: Remittent Recurrent; SP: Secondary Progressive; T25FW: 25-feet Walking Test; TUG: Timed Up and Go.