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. 2023 Oct 10;17:1271967. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1271967

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Copyright © 2023 Mang, Xu, Qi and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of the closed-loop BCI system for PMFR. (A) The normal cognitive-motor control loop. (B) The cognitive-motor control loop interrupted by stroke. (C) The closed-loop BCI system for PMFR. The BCI-mediated PMFR was based on the MI-EEG system, provided multimodal feedback to the subject, and formed a closed-loop that promoted motor learning through neuroplasticity as well as assisted patients with activities of daily living (ADL).