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Individual patient values and medians of inspiratory effort (ΔPES) swings, pressure–time product of the PES (PTPES), and quasistatic transpulmonary pressure (ΔPL) during the three phases of the study. Compared with high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) and helmet continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), helmet NIV reduced inspiratory effort (ΔPES) and muscle workload only compared with CPAP (PTPES). ΔPL was not different between treatments. NIV = noninvasive ventilation.
