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Individual patient values and medians of PaO2/FiO2, PaCO2, respiratory rate, and visual analog score (VAS)-measured patient dyspnea and discomfort during the three phases of the study. NIV and helmet continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) yielded higher PaO2/FiO2 than HFNO. PaCO2, respiratory rate, and VAS dyspnea were not different between treatments. Discomfort increased during CPAP. HFNO = high-flow nasal oxygen; NIV = noninvasive ventilation.
