Biomarkers for intracerebral hemorrhage
| Authors/Year | Study design | Population | N | Bio-marker | Sample source | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Markers of CNS origin | ||||||
| Hu, 2012 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH within 6 h of onset | 176 | Tau | Serum | tau > 91.4 pg/mL predicted poor 3-month outcome (83.6 % sensitivity; 75.8 % specificity) Addition of tau improved prognostic value of NIHSS for outcome but not for mortality |
| Hu, 2010 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH | 86 ICH, 30 CTRL | s100β | Plasma | s100β was significantly associated with IVH, GCS scores, and ICH volumes s100β is independently associated with mortality at 1 week (OR 1.046) s100β > 192.5 pg/mL predicted 1-week mortality (93.8 % sensitivity; 70.4 % specificity) |
| Delgado, 2006 | Pro | ICH | 78 | s100β | Blood | s100β was higher in patients who deteriorated early and in patients with a poor neurological outcome |
| Brea, 2009 | Pro | ICH and AIS | 44 ICH, 224 AIS | NSE | Blood | NSE elevation at 24 h post ICH was independently associated with poor outcome (OR 2.6 [1.9–15.6]) |
| James, 2009 | Pro | ICH | 28 | s100β, BNP | Blood | s100β and BNP levels correlated with outcome at hospital discharge Inclusion of biomarkers added little to the predictive power of ICH score |
| Cai, 2013 | Case control | Basal ganglia ICH | 112 ICH, 112 CTRL | pNF-H | Plasma | pNF-H is higher in ICH compared to controls pNF-H is an independent predictor of 6 month mortality (OR 1.287), 6-month unfavorable outcome (OR 1.265), and early neurological deterioration (OR 1.246) Addition of pNF-H did not improve predictive value of NIHSS |
| Biomarkers of inflammation | ||||||
| Leira, 2004 | Pro | ICH within 12 h of onset | 266 | Neutrophils, fibrinogen | Blood | Higher neutrophil count (OR 2.1) and fibrinogen > 523 mg/dL (OR 5.6) on admission were independently associated with early neurological deterioration |
| Di Napolii, 2011 | Pro | ICH | 210 | WBC, CRP, glucose | Blood | Higher WBC, CRP, and glucose were significantly related to mortality Only CRP remained significantly related to mortality when adjusted for ICH score and the combination of ICH score and CRP had the best predictive ability |
| Agnihotri, 2011 | Retro | Spontaneous ICH | 423 | WBC | Blood | Change in WBC (difference between max WBC in first 72 h and WBC on admission) correlated with worse discharge disposition and decline in modified Barthel index at 3 months |
| Zhao, 2013 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH within 6 h of onset | 132 ICH, 68 CTRL | pGSN | Plasma | pGSN was lower in ICH compared to controls pGSN is an independent predictor of 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome in multivariate analysis pGSN improved prognostic value of NIHSS for poor outcome but not for mortality |
| Castillo, 2002 | Pro | ICH within 24 h of onset | 124 | Glutamate, TNFα | Blood | Glutamate level was an independent predictor of poor outcome TNFα correlated with volume of peri-hematoma edema |
| Wang, 2011 | Proposthoc analysis | ICH within 24 h of onset | 60 | sICAM-1, sE-selectin | Plasma | Higher levels of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin were found in patients who had a poor outcome at hospital discharge |
| Li, 2013 | Pro | ICH within 24 h of onset | 59 | MMP3, MMP9 | Plasma | Elevated MMP3 was independently associated with peri-hematoma edema volume MMP3 > 12.4 μg/L and MMP9 > 192.4 μg/L were associated with poor outcome in multivariate analysis |
| Hernandez-Guillamon, 2012 | Pro | ICH within 48 h of onset | 66 ICH, 58 CTRL | VAP-1/SSAO | Plasma | VAP-1/SSAO activity < 2.7 pmol/min mg was independent predictor of neurological improvement after 48 h (OR 6.8) |
| Fang, 2005 | Pro | ICH | 43 | IL-11 | Plasma | Samples collected in first 4 days of ICH Plasma IL-11 higher in non-survivors compared to survivors |
| Diedler, 2009 | Retro | Supratentorial ICH | 113 | CRP | Blood | CRP is independent predictor of poor long-term functional outcome |
| Gu, 2013 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH within 6 h of onset | 85 ICH, 85 CTRL | Visfatin | Plasma | Visfatin was higher in ICH compared to controls Visfatin level was independent predictor of hematoma growth. (OR 1.154 [1.046–3.018]) and of early neurological deterioration (OR 1.195 [1.073–3.516]) |
| Huang, 2013 | Case control | Basal ganglia ICH | 128 ICH, 128 CTRL | Visfatin | Plasma | ICH patients had higher visfatin compared to controls Visfatin correlated with NIHSS and is independent predictor for 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome |
| Zhang, 2013 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH | 92 ICH, 50 CTRL | Leptin | Plasma | Leptin higher in ICH compared to controls Leptin on admission is independent predictor of 6-month mortality and unfavorable outcome |
| Other biomarkers | ||||||
| Chiu, 2012 | Pro | ICH within 24 h of onset, >16 years old | 170 | d-dimer | Serum | d-dimer is independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR 2.72) |
| Delgado, 2006 | Pro | ICH | 98 | d-dimer | Plasma | d-dimer levels were associated with presence of IVH or SAH extension d-dimer > 1,900 μg/L is independently associated with early neurological deterioration (OR 4.5) and with mortality (OR 8.75) |
| Rodriguez-Luna, 2011 | Pro | Supratentorial ICH within 6 h of onset | 108 | LDL-C | Serum | Lower LDL-C levels were associated with hematoma growth, early neurological deterioration and 3-month mortality but not with NIHSS or ICH volume |
| Ramirez-Moreno, 2009 | Pro | ICH within 12 h of onset | 88 | LDL-C | Serum | Lipid profile measured in first hour after admission Low LDL-C levels were independently associated with death after ICH in multivariate analysis (HR = 3.07) LDL-C correlated with NIHSS, GCS, and ICH volume |
| Hays, 2006 | Retro | ICH | 235 | cTn1 | Blood | Elevated cTn1 was independent predictor of in-hospital mortality |
| Chen, 2011 | Pro | ICH | 64 ICH, 114 CTRL | Oxidative markers | Blood | Blood collected within 3 days of ICH Measured 8-OHdG, G6PD, GPx, MDA, vitamin E, vitamin A 8-OHdG elevation was independently associated with 30-day lower Barthel index but not with outcome by mRS |
| Wang, 2012 | Pro | ICH within 24 h of onset | 60 ICH, 60 CTRL | Nuclear DNA | Plasma | Nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA correlated with GCS and ICH volume on presentation Nuclear DNA > 18.7 μg/L on presentation was associated with poor outcome at discharge (63.6 % sensitivity; 71.4 % specificity) |
| Huang, 2009 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH | 36 ICH, 10 CTRL | MP | Plasma, CSF | Plasma and CSF MP levels were associated with GCS score, ICH volume, IVH, and survival Controls have suspected SAH |
| Zheng, 2012 | Case control | ICH | 79 | miRNAs | Blood | Patients with hematoma expansion had different expression pattern of miRNAs (19 with increased expression, 7 with decreased expression) |
| Zhang, 2012 | Pro | Basal ganglia ICH | 89 ICH, 50 CTRL | Copeptin | Plasma | Copeptin level is an independent predictor for 1-year mortality, poor outcome, and early neurological deterioration Copeptin did not improve prognostic value of NIHSS |
Pro prospective observational, RCT randomized controlled trial, Retro retrospective, CTRL control subjects, OR odds ratio