Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Non-GDM (n=542) | GDM (n=119) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 27.73 ± 5.12 | 29.28 ± 5.93 | 0.014 |
| Poverty income ratio (PIR) | 8.51 ± 23.49 | 8.91 ± 24.35 | 0.940 |
| Fasting Glucose (mg/uL) | 80.85 ± 6.22 | 100.45 ± 9.47 | < 0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 225.44 ± 50.65 | 199.92 ± 52.82 | < 0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 68.32 ± 16.49 | 61.62 ± 15.41 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.05 ± 39.98 | 102.97 ± 34.87 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 165.23 ± 80.60 | 161.82 ± 100.85 | 0.220 |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.93 ± 0.31 | 5.16 ± 0.36 | < 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.179 | ||
| Mexican American | 152 (28.04%) | 29 (24.37%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 34 (6.27%) | 8 (6.72%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 245 (45.20%) | 46 (38.66%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 72 (13.28%) | 21 (17.65%) | |
| Other Race (including multi-racial) | 39 (7.20%) | 15 (12.61%) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.628 | ||
| < High school | 125 (23.06%) | 25 (21.01%) | |
| ≥ High school | 417 (76.94%) | 94 (78.99%) | |
| Body Mass Index, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| < 25 (kg/m2) | 176(32.47%) | 16 (13.45%) | |
| ≥ 25 (kg/m2) | 366 (67.53%) | 103 (86.55%) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.702 | ||
| Now | 46 (8.49%) | 12 (10.08%) | |
| Former | 120 (22.14%) | 29 (24.37%) | |
| Never | 376 (69.37%) | 78 (65.55%) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Mild | 332 (61.25%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
| Moderate | 58 (10.70%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
| Heavy | 26 (4.80%) | 4 (3.36%) | |
| Never | 89 (16.42%) | 102 (85.71%) | |
| Unclear | 37 (6.83%) | 13 (10.92%) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.147 | ||
| Yes | 38 (7.01%) | 13 (10.92%) | |
| No | 504 (92.99%) | 106 (89.08%) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 0.021 | ||
| Yes | 192 (35.42%) | 29 (24.37%) | |
| No | 350 (64.58%) | 90 (75.63%) | |
| Gestational age, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 1st Trimester | 82 (15.13%) | 21 (17.65%) | |
| 2nd Trimester | 175 (32.29%) | 20 (16.81%) | |
| 3rd Trimester | 169 (31.18%) | 30 (25.21%) | |
| Unclear | 116 (21.40%) | 48 (40.34%) | |
| TyG index | 8.68 ± 0.52 | 8.82 ± 0.65 | 0.023 |