Table 1.
Animal data on fetal effects of maternal GLP-1 agonist exposure.
| Drug | Reduced embryonic survival |
Decreased fetal weight/growth | Increased pre-weaning fetal growth |
Delayed ossification and skeletal variations* |
Visceral* congenital abnormalities | Major skeletal congenital malformations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liraglutide | +C | +A,B,C | +A,B | +B | – | |
| Exendin-4 | – | – | +D | – | – | |
| Exenatide | – | +A,B | +A,B | – | – | |
| Albiglutide | +A,B | +A,B | +A,B | – | – | |
| Dulaglutide | +A,B | +A,B | +A,B | – | – | |
| Lixisenatide | – | +A | +A,B | – | – | |
| Semaglutide | +A,B | +A | +A | +A | +A |
+ = observed, - = not observed, A = EMA product information (16–21), B = FDA product information (22–27), C = Younes et al. (28), D = Graham et al. (15) One study, Diz-Chaves et al. found no adverse fetal effects (29). *(Skeletal) variations: structural change that does not impact viability, development, or function (e.g.wavy ribs) that can be found in the normal population under investigation and can be reversible, **Visceral: Having to do with the viscera; which are the soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, reproductive, and circulatory systems.