Table 4.
Results from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models for the risk of incident dementia among stroke patients.
| Univariable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | aOR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Dysphagia (ref: no) | ||||||
| yes | 1.493 (1.000,2.228)* | 1.459 (0.971,2.193) | 1.364 (0.906,2.055) | 1.353 (0.894,2.047) | 1.341 (0.886,2.03) | 1.332 (0.88,2.015) |
| Age (ref:<55) | ||||||
| 55–64 | 2.395 (1.607,3.568)*** | 2.375 (1.594,3.539)*** | 2.304 (1.544,3.438)*** | 2.325 (1.554,3.476)*** | 2.312 (1.547,3.457)*** | 2.299 (1.538,3.436)*** |
| 65-74 | 4.164 (2.858,6.065)*** | 4.097 (2.812,5.969)*** | 3.876 (2.654,5.662)*** | 3.973 (2.715,5.814)*** | 3.925 (2.684,5.738)*** | 3.914 (2.677,5.722)*** |
| > = 75 | 7.46 (5.193,10.716)*** | 7.226 (5.027,10.388)*** | 6.799 (4.713,9.809)*** | 6.833 (4.728,9.876)*** | 6.731 (4.662,9.719)*** | 6.724 (4.658,9.706)*** |
| Gender (ref: female) | ||||||
| male | 0.714 (0.610,0.836)*** | 0.804 (0.685,0.944)** | 0.782 (0.666,0.919)** | 0.798 (0.678,0.939)** | 0.798 (0.679,0.939)** | 0.798 (0.678,0.938)** |
| Hypertension (ref: no) | ||||||
| yes | 1.062 (0.905,1.245) | - | 0.871 (0.739,1.027) | 0.866 (0.733,1.024) | - | |
| Epilepsy (ref: no) | ||||||
| yes | 1.749 (1.160,2.638)** | - | 1.903 (1.244,2.913)** | 1.903 (1.237,2.928)** | 1.892 (1.231,2.908)** | 1.878 (1.222, 2.888)** |
| CCI score | ||||||
| 1.09 (1.065,1.116)*** | - | 1.056 (1.032,1.081)*** | 1.063 (1.036,1.09)*** | 1.06 (1.033,1.087)*** | 1.060 (1.033,1.087)*** | |
| Air pollution | ||||||
| PM10 | 1.031 (1.022,1.04)*** | - | - | 1.009 (0.995,1.024) | - | - |
| PM2.5 | 1.066 (1.053,1.078)*** | - | - | 1.037 (1.015,1.059)*** | 1.054 (1.04,1.067)*** | 1.053 (1.04,1.067)*** |
| NO | 1.221 (1.157,1.288)*** | - | - | 1.286 (0.918,1.803) | 1.135 (1.071,1.202)*** | - |
| NO2 | 1.096 (1.067,1.125)*** | - | - | 1.016 (0.732,1.412) | - | - |
| CO | 15.627 (6.603,36.983)*** | - | - | 5.31 (0.795,35.453) | - | - |
| SO2 | 1.213 (1.153,1.276)*** | - | - | 1.111 (0.937,1.317) | - | - |
| NOx | 1.068 (1.049,1.088)*** | - | - | 0.910 (0.67,1.238) | - | 1.041 (1.021,1.061)*** |
| O3 | 0.988 (0.962,1.014) | - | - | 1.008 (0.961,1.057) | - | - |
The air pollution values in the regression model were recorded within 1 year after dysphagia. Model 1 was a multivariable logistic regression model for the association between dysphagia and risk of dementia while controlling for age and gender categories; model 2 was controlled for age, gender and comorbidities; model 3 was controlled for age, gender, comorbidities, and air pollutants; model 4 was stepwise regression model; model5 was controlled for age, gender, comorbidities, PM2.5 and NOx air pollutions.
***
p < 0.001.
**
p < 0.01.
*
p < 0.05.