Table 1.
Expression patterns of depression-like behaviors, microglia, inflammatory molecules, and molecular markers of neurogenesis in rodent models of depression.
| Depression model | Stress | Animal | Test/Score | Behavioral Effects | Microglia | Pro-inflammation | Antiinflammation | Proliferation | Differentiation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early-life stress | MS for 14 days | ♂ C57BL/6 J mice(baby) | SPT FST OFT |
control and immobility time >mean of control The SPT and OFT showed no significant differences between maternal-separated or control mice in terms of the number of spontaneous movements |
↑Activated microglia ↓The average number and length of microglial processes ↓Expression of the microglial marker CX3CR1 |
↑iNOS ↑TNF-α ↑IFN-γ ↑IL-6 ↑IL-1β |
↓IL-4 ↓TGF-β ↓IL-1rα ↓Ym-1 ↓Arg-1 |
↓BrdU+ | ↓BrdU+/DCX+ | (100) |
| Adult stress | CUMS for 4 weeks | ♂ Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks) | SPT OFT MWM |
↓sucrose preference ↓Time in the center of the open field ↑escape distance |
↑the number of Iba-1+ microglia ↓the mean number of intersections and surface area ↓ramification length ↑soma volume |
—— | —— | —— | ↓DCX+ | (101) |
| CUMS for 21 days | Cx3cr1CreERT2 mice and Nr3c1fl/fl mice (6.5 to 8.5 weeks) | Saccharin preference PR |
↓Body weight ↓Saccharin preference |
↑arborization area ↑Cell body areaTrem2 ↑Cx3cr1 ↑Mertk |
↑CD68 ↑TNF-α ↑IL-1β |
↓Arg-1 ↓Fizz-1 |
↓Ki-67 | ↓DCX | (102) | |
| CUS for 5 weeks | ♂ C57BL/6 mice (3-4 months) | SPT NOR |
↓Exploration time Sucrose preference | ↓Microglia number ↓Processes length ↑Soma area |
—— | —— | —— | ↓DCX+ | (103) | |
| CUS for 6 weeks | ♀ Sprague-Dawley rats (10 months) | SPT NSF FST |
↑immobility and swimming and struggling behavior in FST ↑anxiety-like behavior in NSF ↑anhedonia-like behavior in the SPT ↓Body weight |
the number and length of Iba-1+ microglia are equal in OVX and sham surgery | —— | —— | —— | —— | (104) | |
| CMS for 3 weeks | ♂ C57BL/6J mice (8-10 weeks) | TST FST |
↑immobility and swimming and struggling behavior in FST ↓sucrose preference |
↓Microgia number ↓Processes length ↑Soma area ↑iba -1+ |
↑iNOS ↑CD86 ↑CD45 ↑CD11b |
↓IL-4 ↓Arg-1 ↓CD206 |
↓BrdU+ | ↓BrdU+/DCX+ | (105) | |
| Infectious organisms | 0.83 mg/kg LPS(I.p.) | ♂ ICR mice (8 weeks) | SPT OFT TST FST |
↑immobility time in the FST and TST ↓sucrose preference |
↑the number of Iba-1+ microglia ↓the number of ramifications |
↑IL-6 ↑TNF-α ↑IL-18 |
↑IL-4 ↑IL-10 |
—— | ↓DCX+ | (106) |
| 0.83 mg/kg LPS(I.p.) | ♂ ICR mice | SPT OFT TST FST |
↓the total distance traveled ↓the time spent in the central area ↓the inner area distance traveled ↓sucrose preference in the SPT ↑immobility time in the TST and FST |
↑the number of Iba-1+ microglia ↓the number of ramifications |
↑CD68 ↑CD16 ↑CXCL10 ↑iNOS ↑IL-1β ↑TNF-α ↑IL-18 |
↑Arg-1 ↑CD206 |
—— | ↓DCX+ | (107) | |
| Gene mutation | —— | ♂ Arid1afl/fl mouse(1-2 weeks) | OFT LDB EPM MWM FC MBT Self-grooming test |
↓Body weight ↓the time in the center of the open field ↓the time In the light region The open arm is less significant in the elevated crypto,did not cause any difference in Y maze experiment and MWM |
↑Soma area ↑iba-1 |
—— | ↑Arg-1 | ↓BrdU+ | ↓NeuN+BrdU+
↓DCX+Brdu+ |
(108) |
BrdU, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine; CD, Cluster of differentiation; CMS, Chronic mild stress; CUMS, Chronic unpredictable mild stress; CUS, Chronic unpredictable stress; CX3CR1, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1; EPM, Elevated plus maze; FC, Fear conditioning; FST, Forced swimming test; Iba-1, Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1; IL, Interleukin; IFN-γ, Interferon-γ; I.P., Intraperitoneal injections; iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDB, The light–dark box; MBT, Marble burying test; MS, Maternal separation; MWM, Morris water maze; NOR, Novel object recognition; NSF, Novelty-suppressed feeding test; OFT, Open field test; PR, Progressive ratio schedule; SPT, Sucrose preference test; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α; TST, Tail suspension test.