Skip to main content
. 2023 Oct 10;9(10):e20404. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20404

Table 1.

Building assessment Modules for life cycle assessment according to EN15804:2012 [60].

Product/Manufacture Stage [A1-A3] Construction Process
Stage [A4-A5]
Use [B1–B7]
End-of-Life Stage [C1–C4] Benefits & Loads Beyond [D]
Building Fabric Operation of the Building
Raw Material Extract/Process/Supply Transport Manufacture Transport to the Site Assembly/Install in the building Use/Application of Installed Products Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Operational Energy Use Operational Water Use Deconstruction/Demolition Transport to Waste Process Reuse-Recovery-Recycle Display Reuse-Recovery-Recycle Potential
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Cradle-to-Gate Gate-to-Grave
Cradle-to-Grave
Cradle-to-Cradle
System Boundaries