Table 2.
Overview of the included studies.
| Author, year and country | Purpose | Sample and age (mean) | Participants (cancer, stage, treatment) | Design | Data collection tools comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bigelow et al, 202125 USA |
To describe the implementation, associated interventions, and outcomes of the PFRC's proactive virtual resource center navigation model. | Sample size: 586 65 years |
Cancer: Most common were haematological, breast. and gastrointestinal. Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or other systemic treatments |
Quality improvement study | Referral information, patient demographics, risk characteristics, visit data, interventions, and outcomes CGA: not included. |
| Casey et al, 201726 UK |
To evaluate patient satisfaction with a nurse-led phone call follow up clinic for patients with prostate cancer. | Sample size: 815 75 years |
Cancer: Prostate cancer Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, combined surgery and radiotherapy, brachytherapy, hormone manipulation |
Satisfaction survey | Satisfaction survey CGA: not included. |
| Catania et al, 202127 Italy |
To pilot a nurse-led complex intervention focused on QoL assessment in advanced-stage cancer patients. | Sample size: 187 74 years |
Cancer: Mixed Cancer stage: Advanced disease/last phase of life Treatment: Not reported |
Quasi-experimental design | Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (I-POS) CGA: not included. Cognitively impaired patients were excluded. |
| Craven et al, 201228 UK |
A prospective audit exploring the usefulness of a nurse-led telephone intervention for supporting cancer patients treated with Capecitabine. | Sample size: 462 65 years |
Cancer: Colorectal and breast Cancer stage: Not reported. Treatment: Capecitabine |
Longitudinal prospective evaluation | The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) patient satisfaction questionnaire was completed. CGA: not included. |
| Faithfull et al, 200135 UK |
To compare outcomes in terms of toxicity, symptoms experienced, quality of life, satisfaction with care and health care costs between those receiving nurse-led care vs. group receiving standard care. | Sample size: 115 70 years |
Cancer: Prostate and bladder Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Radiotherapy |
RCT | Observer-rated RTOG Toxicity scores, EORTC QLQ C30, Satisfaction Questionnaire, Economic Appraisal Information CGA: not included. |
| Ferguson and Aning, 201529 UK |
To describe the implementation of a nurse-led survivorship program for men with prostate cancer. | Sample size: 76 65 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Robotic radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, ADT, active surveillance, chemotherapy |
Service evaluation | Clinical and demographic data CGA: not included. |
| Festen et al, 201930 Netherlands |
To evaluate nurse-led geriatric assessment and assessment of patient preferences for oncological treatment decisions for older patients with solid malignancy. | Sample size: 197 78 years |
Cancer: Mixed Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Curative intent: 159 (80.7%), palliative intent: 38 (19.3%) |
Prospective cohort study | CGA: Yes. GA involved an evaluation in four domains: somatic, social, psychological, and functional. Polypharmacy was defined as taking ≥ 5 prescription drugs. The Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI), the letter fluency test (LFT), was used as a measure of cognition, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used as a measure of mobility, The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale (GARS) is a combination of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (iADL), Outcome Prioritization Tool (OPT), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). |
| Knowles et al, 200731 UK |
To assess the feasibility of a follow-up program led by a nurse specialist for patients with colorectal cancer. | Sample size: 60 67 years |
Cancer: Colorectal Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Short course Radiotherapy, Colectomy, Resection, Chemotherapy and Radiation |
Pilot study | QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR38, Satisfaction Questionnaire CGA: not included. |
| Kotronoulas et al, 201741 UK |
To explore the feasibility and acceptability of PROMs-driven, CNS-led consultations to enhance delivery of supportive care to people with CRC completing adjuvant chemotherapy. | Sample size: 13 65 years |
Cancer: Colorectal Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy |
Systematic literature review, focus groups and repeated measure exploratory study | Supportive Care Needs Survey-Short Form 34 (SCNS-SF34), Twelve patients initially consented to end-of-study interviews. CGA: not included. |
| Kotronoulas et al, 201842 UK |
To examine whether a nurse-led PRO measure-driven approach is feasible and acceptable for identifying unmet needs in patients with lung cancer. | Sample size: 20 67 years |
Cancer: Lung Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Not reported |
Mixed methods | Nine patients with lung cancer (6 men and 3 women) took part in interviews. The Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral to Care (SPARC) CGA: not included. |
| Malmstrom et al, 201655 Sweden |
To evaluate the effect of a nurse-led telephone supportive care program on QoL compared to conventional care on patients following esophageal resection for cancer. | Sample size: 82 66.4 years |
Cancer: Esophageal cancer Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Esophagectomy or oesophago-gastrectomy |
RCT | QLQ-C30, QLQ-0625, QLQ-INFO25. CGA: not included. |
| Martin et al, 201832 UK |
To evaluate a nurse-led service for men affected by PC on AS. | Sample size: 104 patients 66 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Localized prostate cancer Treatment: Active surveillance |
Retrospective audit, patient satisfaction survey, and staff satisfaction survey | National Cancer Patient Experience Survey CGA: not included. |
| McGlynn et al, 201433 UK |
A local evaluation of the nurse-led collaborative care model for the management of patients with prostate cancer. | Sample size: 71 No mean age provided. Participants aged approximately between 63 and 82 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Not reported. Treatment: Not reported |
Retrospective audit, patient satisfaction survey, and staff satisfaction survey | Patient satisfaction questionnaire. CGA: not included. |
| Primeau et al, 201744 UK |
To explore the experience of patients and their partner/caregiver, as well as MDT members, of a nurse-led multimodality supportive care intervention in men with metastatic prostate cancer as well as standard care. | Sample size: 19 patients, 7 partners/caregivers, 7 MDT members Range 67–84 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Metastatic Treatment: Androgen deprivation therapy |
Qualitative study | Semi-structured interviews. CGA: not included. |
| Ream et al, 200943 UK |
To investigate the role of Prostate Cancer Clinical Nurse Specialists and determine their targeted services, work practices, and perceived contribution. | Sample size: 4 PCNS, 19 clinical colleagues, 40 patients 67 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Prostatectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, active monitoring, brachytherapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy |
Mixed method design | Nurse diary based on prototypes developed by Macmillan's and interviews. CGA: not included. |
| Reinke et al, 202240 USA |
To assess the effect of a nurse-led telephone-based primary palliative care intervention for patients with lung cancer. | Sample size: 151 70 years |
Cancer: Lung Cancer stage: 64% III-IV Treatment: Mixed |
RCT | FACT-L, Satisfaction with care was measured using the FAMCARE-P13 Patient Scale. CGA: not included. |
| Schenker et al, 202137 USA |
To assess the effect of CONNECT (Care Management by Oncology Nurses to Address Supportive Care Needs). | Sample size: 672 69 years |
Cancer: The most common cancers lung and gastrointestinal Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy |
RCT | Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative care, Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, ECOG Performance Status score CGA: not included. |
| Schofield et al, 201638 Australia |
To investigate the benefits of a group nurse-led intervention in men receiving radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. | Sample size: 331 67.2 years |
Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy |
RCT | HADS, CaTS, SCNS-SF 34-F, EPIC-26, DT CGA: not included. |
| Sibbons et al, 201934 UK |
To evaluate a nurse-led service for patients affected by renal cancer. | Sample size: 89 67 years |
Cancer: Renal Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomies |
Clinical audit and service evaluation | Retrospective clinical audit of medical records and patient satisfaction survey CGA: not included. |
| Stanciu et al, 201839 UK |
To evaluate a nurse-led model of personalized care after prostate cancer treatment. | Sample size: 45 (intervention), 47 (control group) range 66–94 years old | Cancer: Prostate Cancer stage: Mixed Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, or deemed unlikely to receive further treatment (watchful waiting) |
RCT | Clinical and demographic data, EPIC-26, HADS, SCNS-SF34, EQ-5D-5L, CSRI, Confidence Managing Own Health, Satisfaction with Healthcare Survey CGA: not included. |
| van der Meulen et al, 201345 Netherlands |
To test a nurse-led educational intervention for patients with head and neck cancer. | Sample size: 48 65 years |
Cancer: Head and neck Cancer stage: Not reported Treatment: Radiotherapy |
Quasi-experimental study | PINQ, SCIP CGA: not included. |
ADT, Androgen Deprivation Therapy; AS, Active Surveillance; CaTS, Cancer Treatment Scale; C15, Tumours of the Oesophagus; C16.0, Malignant Neoplasm of Cardia; CNS, Clinical Nurse Specialist; CSRI, Client Service Receipt Inventory; DRE, Digital Rectal Examination; DT, Distress Thermometer; EBRT, External Beam Radiotherapy; EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire; EPIC-26, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Short -form; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L; GFI, Groningen Frailty Indicator; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; INFO-QoL, Intervention Focused on Quality of Life; LUTS, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Nodal (N), extent of the tumour; PCNS, Prostate Cancer Nurse Specialist; PFRC NN, Patient and Family Resource Center Nurse Navigator; PINQ, Patient Information Need Questionnaire; PRO, Patient Reported Outcome; PSA, Prostate Specific Antigen; QLQ-INFO25, Perceived level of information; QLQ-0625, European Quality of Life in Cancer of Oesophagus, Oesophago-gastric junction or Stomach; QLQ-C30, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life with Cancer; QoL, Quality of Life; RCT, Randomised Controlled Trial; RTOG, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; SCIP, Satisfaction with Cancer Information Profile; SCNS-SF34-R, Supportive Care Needs Short Form Revised; SCNS-SF36, Supportive Care Needs Survey Short-Form; SPARC, Sheffield Profile For Assessment and Referral to Care; SRM, Standardised Response Mean; TURP, Transurethral Resection of the Prostate; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; PROMs, Patient-reported outcome measures; MDT, multidisciplinary team.