Table 2.
Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort studies (A) and Modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies (B)
| Cohort studies | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total | ||||||
| Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis | Assessment of outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | ||
| (A) Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort studies | |||||||||
| North America (n = 11) | |||||||||
| Betts et al., 2021 [28] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Blankenburg et al., 2019 [26] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Blankenburg et al., 2020 [27] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Clements et al., 2020 [37] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Folkerts et al., 2020 [22] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Folkerts et al., 2021 [21] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| McEwan et al., 2022 [31] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Nichols et al., 2011 [24] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Olufade et al., 2021 [30] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Ozieh et al., 2015 [25] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Rapattoni et al., 2021 [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Europe (n = 4) | |||||||||
| Arévalo-Lorido et al., 2020 [38] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Lawson et al., 2021 [12] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Rosengren et al., 2018 [39] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Tancredi et al., 2016 [40] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Rest of the world (n = 2) | |||||||||
| Mohd-Tahir and Li, 2019 [35] | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Wan et al., 2020 [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Author, year | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of the sample | Sample size | Respondents/ non-respondents | Ascertainment of exposure | Comparability of different outcome groups on the basis of the design or analysis | Assessment of outcome | Statistical test | ||
| (B) Modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies | ||||||||
| Rest of the world (n = 1) | ||||||||
| Wang et al., 2017 [23] | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 |