This systematic review assessed the humanistic and economic burden of cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) conditions in individuals ≥ 18 years with cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Limited research data are available on the economic burden of all three CRM conditions together, with a particular paucity of information on the humanistic burden in patients with CRM.

In patients with diabetes, higher costs and utilization of healthcare resources were observed in patients with increasing number of comorbidities, and were associated with more hospitalizations, longer lengths of stay, and more visits to the emergency department.

Uninsured patients and those belonging to US racial and ethnic minority populations have lower odds of utilizing healthcare services, possibly due to a lack of disease awareness, differences in access to healthcare, and distrust in the healthcare system.

Targeted interventions, such as early and more aggressive lifestyle changes and evidence-based pharmacological treatments, are warranted for patients with multiple CRM comorbidities to improve outcomes, quality of care, and cost efficiencies across healthcare systems.