Table 3.

Comparison of the student’s learning outcomes and satisfaction between groups

Analysis of students’ learning outcomes
Groups	Pretest–posttest (mean difference)	ap-value	Pretest-follow-up (mean difference)	ap-value	Posttest-follow-up (mean difference)	ap-value	Partial η2
VDT group	− 8.70	0.001	− 11.13	0.001	− 2.43	0.007	0.84
Textbook group	− 3.45	0.001	− 9.10	0.001	− 5.66	0.001	0.73
Analysis of students’ satisfaction
Groups	Mean ± SD	Mean difference	df	T	p-value	Partial η2
VDT group	45.56 ± 5.03	7.53	54	6.10	0.001	0.40
Textbook group	38.03 ± 4.19

^aBonferroni post hoc test