Fig. 1.

The electrochemical characterizations of Li∥Cu and Li∥NCM811 cells using LiPF₆, LiDFOB, and LiFSI electrolytes. The average CE measured in Li∥Cu cells using LiPF₆, LiDFOB, and LiFSI electrolytes with a 0.5 mA cm⁻², 1 mAh cm⁻², and b 1 mA cm⁻², 3 mAh cm⁻². c Li nucleation potential in LiPF₆, LiDFOB, and LiFSI electrolytes. d Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measured by Li∥Cu cells using LiPF₆, LiDFOB, and LiFSI electrolytes in a voltage range of − 0.3 and 1 V at 2 mV s⁻¹. e The long-term cycling performance of Li∥NCM811 cells using LiPF₆, LiDFOB, and LiFSI electrolytes at 0.3C after two formation cycles at 0.1C (1C = 200 mA g⁻¹). (Color figure online)