Table 3.
Anthropometric, glucose metabolism and inflammatory markers.
| Variable | Group | p Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LCD to HD (n = 8) |
HD to LCD (n = 8) |
||
| Weight, kg | |||
| Before | 89.2 ± 3.4 | 84.7 ± 1.5 | 0.24 |
| After | 85.7 ± 3.3 | 80.2 ± 1.5 | 0.14 |
| p Value‡ | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | |||
| Before | 105.1 ± 2.9 | 107.7 ± 1.1 | 0.1 |
| After | 99.7 ± 2.8 | 97.1 ± 0.8 | 0.37 |
| p Value | 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| WHR | |||
| Before | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.5 |
| After | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 0.9 ± 0.01 | 0.7 |
| p Value | 0.01 | 0.04 | |
| FBS, mg/dl | |||
| Before | 87.3 ± 3.8 | 87.3 ± 2.1 | 0.9 |
| After | 84.6 ± 3.9 | 83.1 ± 1.7 | 0.7 |
| p Value | 0.2 | 0.03 | |
| nsulin, IU/ml | |||
| Before | 13.2 ± 2.3 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 0.9 |
| After | 11.8 ± 2.6 | 8.1 ± 1.08 | 0.1 |
| p Value | 0.3 | 0.001 | |
| HOMA-IR | |||
| Before | 2.89 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 0.49 | 0.8 |
| After | 2.49 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± .23 | 0.17 |
| p Value | 0.27 | 0.003 | |
| IL-6 pg/ml | |||
| Before | 2.7 ± .27 | 1.45 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
| After | 1.85 ± 0.25 | 1.8 ± 0.65 | 0.9 |
| p Value | 0.001 | 0.61 | |
| hs-CRP mg/L | |||
| Before | 5.5 ± 1.08 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
| After | 3.4 ± 0.76 | 2.15 ± 0.35 | 0.15 |
| p Value | 0.009 | 0.13 | |
| Butyric Acid mmol/L | |||
| Before | 8 ± 0.21 | 7.69 ± 0.19 | 0.2 |
| After | 11.56 ± 0.64 | 10.8 ± 0.57 | 0.38 |
| p Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Propionic Acid mmol/L | |||
| Before | 8.99 ± 0.31 | 8.5 ± .23 | 0.2 |
| After | 12.3 ± 0.66 | 11.1 ± 0.59 | 0.18 |
| p Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Acetic Acid mmol/L | |||
| Before | 30.8 ± 0.34 | 29.7 ± 0.55 | 0.1 |
| After | 37.95 ± 1.2 | 37.1 ± 1.4 | 0.6 |
| p Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| Bacteroidetes | |||
| Before | P: 8 | P: 7 | 0.9 |
| N: 0 | N: 1 | ||
| After | P: 8 | P: 8 | 0.9 |
| N: 0 | N: 0 | ||
| p Value | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Firmicutes | |||
| Before | P: 8 | P: 8 | 0.9 |
| N: 0 | N: 0 | ||
| After | P: 8 | P: 8 | 0.9 |
| N: 0 | N: 0 | ||
| p Value | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
| Actinobacteria | |||
| Before | P: 1 | P: 1 | 0.9 |
| N: 7 | N: 7 | ||
| After | P: 3 | P: 4 | 0.08 |
| N: 5 | N: 4 | ||
| p Value | 0.08 | 0.001 | |
| Proteobacteria | |||
| Before | P: 8 | P: 6 | 0.9 |
| N: 0 | N: 2 | ||
| After | P: 6 | P: 6 | 0.06 |
| N: 2 | N: 2 | ||
| p Value | 0.08 | 0.58 | |
The bold values are significant.
LCD to HD low-carbohydrate diet to habitual diet; HD to LCD habitual diet to low-carbohydrate diet; each diet for six weeks with two weeks washout period; WHR waist to hip ratio; FBS fasting blood sugar; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. IL-6 interleukin-6; hs-CRP high sensitive C-reactive protein; P positive; N negative.
†Differences between the groups were evaluated by the parallel repeated measures.