Table 2.
Drug-related problem characteristics.
| Author/Year and Country | Method of classify DRPs | Most common drugs | Overall incidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corsonello et al., 2005 15 Italy |
– | – | 231 (10.2% of all patients) ADR identified |
| Varghese et al., 2007 16 USA |
Establish operational definitions | Specific drug class study, Antihyperglycemic (no specific drug name mentioned) | Of the 484 hypoglycemic episodes, 46.9% occurred in patients with type 2 DM, |
| Indriani et al., 2010 17 Indonesia |
Drug Information Handbook (DIH) edition 14 MIMS Indonesia edition 72,007/2008 Drug Interaction Facts (DIF) ISO Indonesia volume 442,009/2010 Informatory Obat Indonesia (IONI) 2000. |
– | DRPs drug interactions occur at 29%, ADR of 7%, 14% needed medication, and do not need drugs amounted to 7% |
| Okayasu et al., 2012 18 Japan |
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 4.0) | Specific drug study (metformin) | The overall incidence of diarrhea observed was 26.7% (27 of 101 patients) |
| Kosmalski et al., 2012 19 Poland |
– | Specific drug study (metformin) | 275 patients were found to be contraindicated and despite this 120 of them were using this medication 3 patients reported moderate dyspepsia |
| Inamdar et al., 2016 20 India |
PCNE | Antihypertensives (108)- DDI, DWI Antidiabetics (96)- metformin + metoprolol/rabeprozol/insulin DDI /ADR Antibiotics (41) Anti-emetics (29) Antiplatelets (36) |
364 DRPs were identified in all 123 study subjects. |
| Herman et al., 2016 21 Indonesia |
Start-Stopp criteria | – | 15 (30%) of 50 patients identified with inappropriate use of drug |
| Zazuli et al., 2017 22 Indonesia |
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015 Consensus guidelines on the management and prevention of type II diabetes mellitus in Indonesia 2015 Drug Information Handbook 2011–2012. 20th |
– | 261 DRPs were identified |
| Hidayati et al., 2018 23 Indonesia |
Stockley 2008; Stockley 2010 Drug interaction book Drug interaction journal study on T2DM patient with hyperlipidemia |
Metformin + simvastatin 3 | Drug interaction of metformin with simvastatin was found in 3 people (6.12%) |
| Maharani et al., 2018 24 Indonesia |
Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach, 7th edition Drug Information Handbook, 17th edition Geriatric Dosage Handbook 2005 Journal of Pharmacy of Clinic MIMS ISO 2014 Micromedex PCNE |
Ranitidine, omeprazole with/without sucralfate or rebamipide Antibiotics, ACE inhibitor- DDI hypo/hyperglycemia |
166 DRPs were identified from 299 drug treatments obtained for 26 patients |
| Salam et al., 2018 25 Indonesia |
PCNE | – | 100% potential problems and 35,3% problem manifestations consisting of adverse drug reactions, non-optimal treatment effects, untreated indications, and treatment unnecessary |
| Siregar et al., 2018 26 Indonesia |
– | – | DRPs in the category of drug interactions in theory was potentially 220 times (90%). 18 cases of drug doses too low and 18 cases of drug doses too high. |
| Hussain et al., 2019 27 India |
Helper Strand classification Lexicomp Micromedex |
Aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, atorvastatin and some drugs acting on the CNS- DDI Antihypertensives- ADR |
99 patients (81%) experience DDI |
| Indriani et al., 2019 28 Indonesia |
PCNE American Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2018 Drug Interaction Drug Information Handbook Indonesian Endocrinology Society |
– | Most common DRPS is drug interactions that is 94.62% |
| Nzayisenga et al., 2019 29 Africa |
PCNE | Antihypertensive (270/385) Antidiabetics (267/385) Mainly drug/dose selection |
The prevalence of DRPs was 81.29% (313/385) |
| Acharya et al., 2020 30 India |
Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) classification Helper Strand classification Micromedex Medscape Lexicomp Drugs.com |
Metformin + ciprofloxacin 2 Insulin |
226 DRPs with an average of 0.91 DRP per patient |
| Inamdar et al., 2020 31 India |
PCNE | Metformin + Metoprolol 64 (33.16%) Metformin + Ranitidine 51 (26.42%) |
278 DRPs were identified after assessing 107 study |
| Sharma et al., 2020 32 India |
Beers Criteria 2019 | Short-acting insulin Glimepiride PPI- PIM Clonazepam |
58 (38.7%) patients were prescribed at least one PIM, 37 (24.7%) were prescribed two PIMs, and 16 (10.7%) were prescribed ≥ three PIMs |
| Mader et al., 2022 33 Austria |
No reference (survey study from patient perspective) | – | 25% of patients already suffered at least one drug error, whereby prescribing a wrong dose seemed to be the most common type of error |
| Nigussie et al., 2022 34 Pakistan |
Cipolle's DRP classification | Biguanides (64) Insulin (61) |
The overall prevalence of inappropriate anti-diabetic medication therapy was 70.3% |