Table 3. Extrahepatic cancers risks in participants by the combination of MAFLD and NAFLD status.
| Cancer types | Incidence rate (/105 PYs) | HR (95% CI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neither FLD† | NAFLD-only | MAFLD-only | MAFLD-NAFLD‡ | Neither FLD | NAFLD-only | MAFLD-only | MAFLD-NAFLD | ||
| Extrahepatic | 315.01 | 451.24 | 350.07 | 343.70 | 1 | 1.57 (1.18–2.09) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | |
| Thyroid | 7.43 | 0.00 | 2.01 | 10.33 | 1 | – | 0.41 (0.09–1.82) | 1.62 (1.11–2.35) | |
| Lung | 98.70 | 99.73 | 114.02 | 89.82 | 1 | 1.10 (0.61–2.00) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | |
| Esophageal | 13.28 | 54.27 | 24.17 | 10.32 | 1 | 5.11 (2.25–11.62) | 0.86 (0.53–1.41) | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | |
| Gastric | 23.95 | 36.18 | 34.26 | 23.00 | 1 | 1.60 (0.59–4.30) | 1.51 (0.96–2.36) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | |
| Biliary | 6.20 | 9.04 | 4.03 | 5.86 | 1 | 1.60 (0.22–11.56) | 0.79 (0.27–2.38) | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | |
| Pancreatic | 8.65 | 9.04 | 6.04 | 8.92 | 1 | 1.13 (0.16–8.08) | 0.70 (0.29–1.72) | 1.02 (0.70–1.50) | |
| Small intestine | 2.01 | 0.00 | 3.02 | 3.05 | 1 | – | 2.85 (0.85–9.55) | 1.36 (0.69–2.72) | |
| Colorectal | 39.98 | 81.78 | 50.44 | 47.00 | 1 | 2.32 (1.19–4.49) | 1.06 (0.74–1.50) | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | |
| Kidney | 11.62 | 9.05 | 16.12 | 19.25 | 1 | 0.76 (0.11–5.45) | 1.42 (0.74–2.72) | 1.58 (1.19–2.09) | |
| Bladder | 12.50 | 36.23 | 14.10 | 12.20 | 1 | 3.36 (1.23–9.17) | 0.79 (0.43–1.46) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | |
| Prostate§ | 10.42 | 0.00 | 8.23 | 14.72 | 1 | – | 1.45 (0.59–3.54) | 1.48 (1.04–2.11) | |
| Breast¶ | 89.27 | 109.60 | 241.97 | 134.09 | 1 | 1.19 (0.30–4.79) | 2.01 (0.90–4.48) | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | |
The model was adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history of cancers. †, neither FLD: participants without MAFLD or NAFLD; ‡, MAFLD-NAFLD: participants with MAFLD and NAFLD; §, only for men; ¶, only for women; –, no cancer was observed in this group. MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PYs, person-years; FLD, fatty liver disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.