Table 4. HRs of extrahepatic cancers in participants by MAFLD risk factors.
| Cancer types | One | Two | Three | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight-only | DB-only | MD-only | Overweight and DB | Overweight and MD | DB and MD | |||
| Extrahepatic | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.52 (0.17–1.60) | 1.42 (1.17–1.73) | 1.23 (0.89–1.71) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.36 (0.89–2.07) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | |
| Thyroid | 1.97 (0.95–4.06) | – | 0.78 (0.11–5.62) | 2.26 (0.31–16.42) | 1.45 (0.95–2.20) | – | 1.25 (0.50–3.11) | |
| Lung | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 1.00 (0.25–4.04) | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) | 1.45 (0.85–2.45) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.59 (0.19–1.84) | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | |
| Esophageal | 0.53 (0.22–1.30) | – | 4.37 (2.55–7.49) | – | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) | 1.46 (0.20–10.50) | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | |
| Gastric | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) | – | 1.28 (0.60–2.70) | 0.84 (0.21–3.38) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.84 (0.12–6.05) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) | |
| Biliary | 1.51 (0.61–3.74) | – | 0.70 (0.10–5.00) | 1.72 (0.24–12.38) | 0.69 (0.40–1.21) | – | 1.37 (0.63–2.97) | |
| Pancreatic | 1.19 (0.52–2.73) | – | 2.11 (0.78–5.73) | – | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | – | 1.02 (0.48–2.21) | |
| Small intestine | 0.81 (0.11–5.91) | – | – | – | 1.71 (0.85–3.43) | – | 1.95 (0.58–6.51) | |
| Colorectal | 0.91 (0.59–1.40) | – | 1.60 (0.96–2.68) | 1.80 (0.85–3.80) | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) | 1.44 (0.46–4.46) | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) | |
| Kidney | 1.16 (0.59–2.28) | – | 0.79 (0.20–3.20) | 0.87 (0.12–6.19) | 1.83 (1.38–2.43) | – | 1.02 (0.52–2.00) | |
| Bladder | 0.98 (0.46–2.09) | – | 0.64 (0.16–2.61) | 2.39 (0.76–7.51) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.45 (0.20–10.40) | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | |
| Prostate§ | 0.51 (0.13–2.09) | – | 1.22 (0.30–4.98) | 1.37 (0.19–9.86) | 1.46 (1.00–2.14) | – | 2.44 (1.42–4.21) | |
| Breast¶ | 0.83 (0.37–1.87) | – | 1.99 (1.01–3.92) | 1.46 (0.20–10.58) | 1.33 (1.02–1.74) | 2.65 (0.84–8.33) | 1.17 (0.71–1.93) | |
Data were presented as HR (95% confidence interval). The model was adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history of cancers. §, only for men; ¶, only for women; –, no cancer was observed in this group. HR, hazards ratio; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; DB, diabetes; MD, metabolic dysregulation.