Table 5. HRs of extrahepatic cancers in participants stratified by dual etiology of MAFLD.
| Cancer types | MAFLD without positive HBsAg and excessive alcohol consumption | MAFLD with positive HBsAg only | MAFLD with excessive alcohol consumption only | MAFLD with excessive alcohol consumption and positive HBsAg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extrahepatic | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 1.48 (0.74–2.95) |
| Thyroid | 1.57 (1.08–2.27) | – | 0.74 (0.18–3.05) | – |
| Lung | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 1.31 (0.73–2.37) | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 2.03 (0.76–5.42) |
| Esophageal | 0.76 (0.55–1.07) | 1.66 (0.41–6.71) | 1.41 (0.88–2.25) | 3.29 (0.46–23.38) |
| Gastric | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 1.90 (0.71–5.11) | 1.36 (0.92–2.02) | 2.35 (0.33–16.84) |
| Biliary | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | – | 0.87 (0.32–2.40) | – |
| Pancreatic | 1.02 (0.70–1.49) | – | 0.78 (0.34–1.78) | – |
| Small intestine | 1.47 (0.74–2.89) | – | 1.95 (0.51–7.41) | – |
| Colorectal | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.71 (0.76–3.83) | 1.29 (0.93–1.78) | – |
| Kidney | 1.60 (1.22–2.11) | 1.84 (0.46–7.43) | 1.28 (0.72–2.26) | – |
| Bladder | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | – | 1.20 (0.69–2.11) | – |
| Prostate§ | 1.54 (1.09–2.18) | 1.81 (0.25–12.91) | 1.17 (0.53–2.55) | – |
| Breast¶ | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | 1.23 (0.30–5.00) | 7.27 (2.33–22.69) | * |
Data were presented as HR (95% confidence interval). The model was adjusted for age, sex, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and family history of cancers. §, only for men; ¶, only for women; *, no participants in this group; –, no cancer was observed in this group. HR, hazards ratio; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.