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. 2023 Oct 11;4:1281698. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1281698

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© 2023 Negus, Akbarali, Kang, Lee, Marsh, Santos and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of the opioids nalbuphine, NAQ, and naltrexone administered alone or as a pretreatment to 0.56% IP acid. Abscissae: Dose in mg/kg SC administered 30 min before test sessions. If IP acid was administered, it was injected 5 min before test sessions. Ordinates: Number of Crosses (left panels) or Movement Counts (right panels) during the 15-min session. Each point shows mean ± SEM for 12 mice (6 male, 6 female).