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. 2023 Oct 11;10:1233516. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1233516

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Copyright © 2023 Lee, Kim, Lee, Choi, Chung, Park, Park, Moon, Kim, Kim, Sohn and Yoon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Concentration–response curves for the association between all-cause healthcare utilization and air pollutants. Black dashed line indicates 95% confidence interval. Blue, red, orange vertical dashed lines indicate, the Korean, WHO, and the shared threshold for good air quality, respectively. The safe thresholds for SO₂ and CO were higher than observed values. PM₁₀, particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter; PM_2.5, particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less in diameter; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; SO₂, sulfur dioxide; O₃, ozone; CO, carbon monoxide; WHO, World Health Organization.