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. 2023 Oct 11;14:1282357. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1282357

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Melatonin rhythm and the phase changes after exercise. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The onset of melatonin typically occurs 2–3 h before sleep onset and peaks in the middle of the night. Exercise at night usually delays the melatonin phase. However, the effect of daytime exercise on the melatonin rhythm is controversial.