Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to continuous metabolic syndrome severity score (cMetS-S) trajectory classes
| Characteristics | Overall | cMetS-S* trajectory patterns | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |||
| Number of participants | 3931 | 931 | 1865 | 1135 | – |
| Age (years) | 38.08 ± 10.58 | 32.61 ± 9.74 | 38.60 ± 10.25 | 41.71 ± 9.98 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1648 (41.92) | 202 (21.70) | 813 (43.59) | 633 (55.77) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.70 ± 4.51 | 23.68 ± 3.73 | 26.69 ± 4.09 | 29.18 ± 4.23 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.25 ± 11.56 | 77.56 ± 9.23 | 87.22 ± 9.77 | 95.24 ± 9.76 | < 0.001 |
| Education | < 0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate/primary school (< 6 yrs.) | 2355 (59.91) | 502 (53.92) | 1129 (60.54) | 724 (63.79) | |
| High school (6–12 years) | 985 (25.06) | 253 (27.18) | 467 (25.04) | 265 (23.35) | |
| Higher education (≥ 12 years) | 591 (15.03) | 176 (18.90) | 269 (14.42) | 146 (12.86) | |
| Smokers | 490 (12.47) | 64 (6.87) | 240 (12.87) | 186 (16.39) | < 0.001 |
| Low physical activity | 2637 (67.08) | 612 (65.74) | 1250 (67.02) | 775 (68.28) | 0.47 |
| DM family history | 363 (9.89) | 85 (9.70) | 178 (10.15) | 100 (9.59) | 0.52 |
| Hypertension | 291 (25.64) | 291 (25.64) | 291 (25.64) | 291 (25.64) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1679 (42.71) | 20 (2.15) | 665 (35.66) | 994 (87.58) | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 114.43 ± 15.43 | 106.28 ± 11.79 | 114.01 ± 14.29 | 121.82 ± 16.31 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.38 ± 10.21 | 71.30 ± 8.75 | 76.14 ± 9.62 | 80.94 ± 10.20 | < 0.001 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 88.46 ± 8.73 | 84.98 ± 7.72 | 88.59 ± 8.44 | 91.12 ± 9.00 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 157.51 ± 97.40 | 80.89 ± 27.45 | 138.35 ± 51.05 | 251.85 ± 116.81 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 42.06 ± 10.78 | 50.07 ± 11.02 | 41.99 ± 9.18 | 35.60 ± 8.38 | < 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drug use | 116 (2.95) | 6 (0.64) | 55 (2.95) | 55 (4.85) | < 0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drug use | 52 (1.32) | 2 (0.21) | 19 (1.02) | 31 (2.73) | < 0.001 |
| MetS (JIS) | 1123 (28.57) | 7 (0.75) | 338 (18.12) | 778 (68.55) | < 0.001 |
| MetS (IDF) | 1000 (25.44) | 6 (0.64) | 281 (15.07) | 713 (62.82) | < 0.001 |
| cMetS-S | 0.0 ± 1.0 | -1.20 ± 0.56 | − 0.05 ± 0.55 | 1.07 ± 0.59 | < 0.001 |
*The population was classified into three trajectory classes using latent growth mixture modeling, including trajectories of low (class 1), medium (class 2), and high (class 3) cMetS-S
The categorical and continuous variables were reported as count (percentage) and mean ± SD, respectively
cMetS-S continuous metabolic syndrome severity score, DM diabetes, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBS fasting blood sugar, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MetS metabolic syndrome, JIS joint interim statement, IDF International Diabetes Federation