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. 2023 Oct 25;18(10):e0290653. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290653

Table 2. Included study methodologies, condition and effectiveness of the interventions.

Study Design Study Depression Only Anxiety Only Depression and Anxiety Effectiveness of the interventions (as reported by the studies)
Randomised Controlled Trials Alampay et al. (2020) Participation in the Kamalayan program did not affect depression or anxiety.
Bernal et al. (2019) The culturally adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was found to be effective with Latino/a adolescents showing clinically significant improvements from pretreatment to posttreatment and remained stable at a 1-year follow-up.
Damra, Nassar & Ghabri (2014) Significant post-treatment improvements for the Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT) group in all outcome measures and sustainability of the treatment gains for the TF-CBT group at 4-months follow-up.
Ishikawa et al. (2019) Findings support the transportability of CBT and the efficacy of a bidirectional, culturally adapted CBT in an underrepresented population.
Khan, Malik, Ahmed & Riaz (2020) Intent-to-Treat analysis indicated significant decreases in self-reported anxiety sensitivity; anxiety; generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in the treatment group from pre- to follow-up compared to the control group.
Li et al. (2022) Little change found from posttreatment to 3-month follow-up. The findings indicated that the school-based group CBT Power up Children’s Psychological Immunity (PCPI) intervention was feasible and acceptable. Further evaluation is needed to examine its effectiveness in a study employing a larger sample size.
Listug-Lunde et al. (2013) Findings suggest the Adolescent Coping with Depression (CWD-A) is a promising approach for reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in rural American Indian students and should be further evaluated with a larger sample of students
Rosselló & Bernal (1999) Results suggest that interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and CBT significantly reduced depressive symptoms compared to a wait- list control.
Rosselló, Bernal & Rivera-Medina (2008) Findings suggest that CBT and IPT are robust treatments in both group and individual formats. However, CBT produced significantly greater decreases in depressive symptoms and improved self-concept than IPT.
Ramdhonee-Dowlet, Balloo & Essau (2021) Findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic prevention programme for emotional problems in residential care institutions in a low- and middle-income country
Saw, Tam & Bonn (2019) Findings indicate that the Malay-language ’STAR’ CBT protocol could be an effective means of reducing depressive symptoms among Malaysian high school students in school settings.
Non-Randomised Controlled Trials (Single Arm) Acaturk et al. (2019) Findings suggest that culturally adapted transdiagnostic CBT (CA-CBT) is effective in reducing anxiety and depression symptoms
Goodkind, LaNoue & Milford (2010) Improvements in anxiety and depression were maintained 6-months post-intervention
Morsette et al. (2009) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms decreased for three of the four students who completed treatment of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS)
Orgilés, Fernández-Martínez, Espada & Morales (2019) Anxiety and depressive symptoms were significantly reduced at post-test and 12-month follow-up.
Case Studies Binkley & Koslofsky (2017) By the end of treatment, there was a reduction of depressive symptoms
Duarté -Vélez, Bernal & Bonilla (2010) Remission of depression reported following CBT.