Table 2.
Potential therapeutic progress of regulating of metabolites or microglia in DGBIs or mental disorders.
| Treatment | Subject | Diseases and disorders | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | ||||
| Bacillus coagulans | Human | IBS | Improving IBS symptom relief rate, as well as global symptom, abdominal pain, bloating, and straining scores. | Zhang et al. (2022a) |
| Mixed probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecalis) | Human | IBS | Relief IBS-SSS scale scores in IBS-D patients, relieve abdominal pain symptoms, and reduce plasma MCP-1 and IL-1β levels | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| Mixed probiotics (Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025, Bifidobacterium longum CCFM687, and Pediococcus acidilactici CCFM6432) | Human | Depression | Reduced depression scores (Hamilton Depression Rating, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales), improved the patients’ gastrointestinal functions (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) | Tian et al. (2022) |
| Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 | Human | Depression comorbidity in IBS | Increasing the quality-of-life score and reduce the depression score in IBS patients | Pinto-Sanchez et al. (2017) |
| Heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae | Mice | Anxiety | Reducing basal levels of genes (Nlrp3 and Nfkbia) involved in microglial priming | Frank et al. (2018) |
| Clostridium butyricum | Mice | PD | Improved motor deficits, loss of dopaminergic neurons, synaptic dysfunction, and microglial activation | Sun et al. (2021) |
| Roseburia hominis | Rat | Depression | Producing SCFAs and inhibits microglia activation | Song et al. (2022) |
| FMT | Human | IBS | Relief of global IBS symptoms | Johnsen et al. (2018) and El-Salhy et al. (2020) |
| Prebiotics | ||||
| Low-FODMAP | Mice | PD | Inhibiting related pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic signaling pathways, upregulates the neuroprotective phenotype of microglia | Abdel-Haq et al. (2022) |
| Low-FODMAP | Human | IBS | Altering the composition of intestinal microbiota reduces the concentration of histamine in urine | Staudacher et al. (2014), McIntosh et al. (2017) and Huaman et al. (2018) |
| Postbiotics | ||||
| Propionic acid and butyric acid | Rat | Depression | Inhibiting HDAC1 expression and reduce the expression of various inflammatory factors in the brain | Song et al. (2022) |
| Butyrate | Mice | Chronic alcoholic central nervous system injury | Improve locomotor hypoactivity, anxiety and depression behaviour, impairs learning, spatial recognition memory, and effectively reduce chronic alcoholic central nervous system damage and correct microglial cell polarization (M1/M2) imbalance | Wei et al. (2023) |
| NAMO | Mice | HSE | Restoring NAD+-dependent mitophagy, inhibiting microglial inflammatory response, and slowing down the progression of HSE |
Li et al. (2022a, 2023a) |
| Drugs | ||||
| Rifaximin | Human | IBS | Relief of global IBS symptoms | Lembo et al. (2016) |
| Shugan granule | Rat | Depression | Regulating the intestinal microbiota, inhibits the activation of microglia and improves intestinal barrier repair | Li et al. (2022c) |
| Ginsenoside Rh4 | Mice | Depression | Alleviating the intestinal microbiota disturbance, inhibiting the excessive activation of microglia and astrocytes, and improve depressive behaviour | Shao et al. (2023) |
| Berberine | Rat | IBS | Modulating the gut microbiota, alleviates visceral hypersensitivity and reduce the activation of colonic mast cells and spinal cord microglia | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| Berberine | Rat | Anxiety | Regulating gut microbiota | Fang et al. (2021) |
| Minocycline | Rat | Depression | Reducing the number of prefrontal microglial cells and improves the cecal microbiome by increasing butyric acid-producing bacteria | Schmidtner et al. (2019) |
FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; FODMAP, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; HDAC1, histone deacetylase-1; HSE, Herpes Simplex Encephalitis; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.; IBS-D, IBS with diarrhea; IBS-SSS, IBS symptom severity scale; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAMO, nicotinamide n-oxide; PD, Parkinson’s disease; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids.