Fig. 1. Early prediction of antibody escape from deep generative sequence models, structural and biophysical constraints.

a, EVEscape assesses the likelihood of a mutation escaping the immune response on the basis of the probabilities of a given mutation maintaining viral fitness, occurring in an antibody epitope and disrupting antibody binding. b, EVEscape requires only information available early in a pandemic, before surveillance sequencing, antibody–antigen structures or experimental mutational scans are broadly available. This provides further early warning time critical for vaccine development. Ab, antibody. Panel a created with BioRender.com.