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. 2023 Oct 25;14:6779. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42502-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A H & E staining of small intestinal tissue from mice 36 h after induction of intestinal I/R and quantification of the small intestinal pathology score (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. 0.0167 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0172 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). B qRT-PCR analysis of Occludin and ZO-1 mRNA in small intestinal tissues from mice 36 h after intestinal I/R (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-tailed Mann–Whitney test for Occludin. 0.0043 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0043 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test for ZO-1. 0.0105 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0259 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). C Representative immunohistochemistry images of Occludin expression and quantification of the area of Occludin immunohistochemical staining (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-tailed Mann–Whitney test. 0.0043 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0022 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). D Representative immunohistochemistry images of ZO-1 and quantification of the area of ZO-1 staining (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-tailed Mann–Whitney test. 0.0043 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0022 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). E ELISA detection of IL-6 and IL-1β production in mice 36 h after intestinal I/R (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. For IL-6, 0.0297 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0190 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). For IL-1β, < 0.0001 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0002 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). F Quantification of CD206⁺F4/80⁺CD45⁺CD11b⁺ macrophages (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-tailed Mann–Whitney test. 0.0043 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0022 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). G Representative histograms of CD206 expression. H Quantification of CD206 MFI in the LP of the small intestine 36 h after intestinal I/R injury (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. 0.0056 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0012 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). I Representative histograms of IL-10 expression. J Quantification of IL-10⁺F4/80⁺CD45⁺CD11b⁺ macrophages (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. 0.0083 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0085 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). K Quantification of IL-10 MFI in the LP of the small intestine 36 h after intestinal I/R (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-tailed Mann–Whitney test. 0.0022 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). L Serum concentration of IL-10 in mice 36 h after intestinal I/R (n = 5 mice for transplanted groups, n = 6 mice for the rest groups). Represent significant p value using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. 0.0247 (Vehicle, Ctrl vs Org trans), 0.0013 (Ctrl, Vehicle vs Malic acid). M Genetic profiling of BMDMs stimulated with or without MA (n = 4 biological replicates for vehicle group, n = 6 biological replicates for MA group). Represent significant p value using two-tailed student’s from left to right: 0.0108, 0.0096, 0.0015. N Representative images of CD206 expression and quantification of CD206⁺F4/80⁺CD11b⁺ in BMDMs stimulated with or without MA supplementation (n = 3 biological replicates/group). Represent significant *p value = 0.0266 using two-tailed student’s t test. O Representative images of immunostaining of CD206 (green) and DAPI (blue) in BMDMs stimulated with or without MA supplementation. Scale bar, 100 μm. The statistical tests employed included: two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test for multiple comparisons, two-tailed student’s t test and Mann–Whitney tests. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Each dot represents data from a single sample ([A–F], [H], and [J–N]). Bar graphs represent mean ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.