. 2023 Oct 10;10:1279819. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279819

Table 5.

Effects of cowpea seeds cv. Doljana (CSD) with or without Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) on plasma profiles¹ of broilers.

Variable	Probiotic	Lipid				Protein					Enzyme				Mineral
Variable	Probiotic	TC mg/dl	HDL-C mg/dl	TG mg/dl	Glu mg/dl	TP g/dl	Alb g/dl	Glb g/dl	TBil mg/dl	UA mg/dl	AST U/L	ALT U/L	AST/ ALT	GGT U/L	Ca mg/dl	IP mg/dl	Ca/IP ratio
CSD0	No	115	71.05	54.80	252	2.26	1.00	1.26	0.24	3.54	218	7.40	33.55	51.00	10.98	5.88	1.86
CSD15	No	108	68.38	53.40	250	2.58	1.22	1.36	0.26	3.58	207	7.40	35.46	56.40	13.80	6.98	1.97
CSD0	Yes	107	69.55	49.20	256	2.50	1.18	1.32	0.26	2.88	197	4.20	48.37	53.40	13.80	6.20	2.22
CSD15	Yes	105	69.30	46.80	268	2.72	1.38	1.34	0.29	2.48	210	4.80	50.20	59.00	13.42	6.84	1.96
SEM		2.21	1.23	0.82	2.85	0.06	0.04	0.038	0.01	0.15	9.04	0.54	4.13	1.99	0.34	0.20	0.06
Main effects
CSD
CSD0		111	70.30	52.00	254	2.38^b	1.09^b	1.29	0.25	3.21	207	5.80	40.96	52.20	12.39^b	6.04^b	2.05
CSD15		112	68.84	50.10	259	2.65^a	1.30^a	1.35	0.28	3.03	209	6.10	42.83	57.70	13.61^a	6.91^a	1.97
LS
No		116^a	70.92	54.10^a	251	2.42^b	1.11^b	1.31	0.25	3.56^a	213	7.40 ^a	34.50	53.70	12.39^b	6.43	1.93
Yes		106^b	69.42	48.00^b	262	2.61^a	1.28^a	1.33	0.27	2.68^b	204	4.50 ^b	49.28	56.20	13.61^a	6.52	2.09
p Value
CSD		NS	NS	NS	NS	0.01	0.04	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.03	0.03	NS
LS		0.02	NS	0.0001	NS	0.04	0.02	NS	NS	0.002	NS	0.006	NS	NS	0.03	NS	NS
CSD x LS		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.006	NS	NS

n = 12 birds/group; SEM, standard error of means; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipo-protein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; Glu, glucose; TP, total protein; Alb, albumin; TBil, total bilirubin; UA, uric acid; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; Ca, calcium; IP, inorganic phosphorus. LS, Lactobacillus salivarius (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g) 1 g/kg feed. ^a,bMeans with different superscript within a column differ (p < 0.05).