Table 2. Virucidal activity of 100 ppm of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) toward avian influenza virus (AIV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) containing 0.5 and 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) on carriers with the wiping and dropping techniques.

Virus			AIV		IBV
FBS (%)			0.5	5.0	0.5	5.0
Control			7.08 ± 0.18	7.58 ± 0.07	6.86 ± 0.03	6.63 ± 0.01
CLOX-100a	Dropping-carrier	1 min	<1.90 ± 0.00	<1.90 ± 0.00	2.62 ± 0.43*	2.90 ± 0.47*
		3 min	<1.90 ± 0.00	<1.90 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00
		5 min	<1.90 ± 0.00	<1.90 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00
	Wiped-carrier	30 secb	1.98 ± 0.07*	2.40 ± 0.12*	<2.10 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00
	Wiping-sheet	1 minc	<1.90 ± 0.00	<1.90 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00	<2.10 ± 0.00
dW2	Dropping-carrier	5 min	5.53 ± 0.09	6.03 ± 0.09	5.90 ± 0.19	5.65 ± 0.17
	Wiped-carrier	30 sec	2.40 ± 0.20*	4.53 ± 0.18*	2.67 ± 0.35*	2.32 ± 0.26*
	Wiping-sheet	1 min	6.15 ± 0.18	6.57 ± 0.07	6.06 ± 0.39	5.93 ± 0.07

^a Chlorine dioxide liquid at 100 ppm of total chlorine. ^b Carriers were wiped for 30 sec, and immediately transferred into a stomacher bag containing inactivation solution. ^c After 30 sec of wiping, the sheets were kept for 30 sec. Figures are shown as mean ± SE from replicated 3 times. Viral titer was measured for AIV as log₁₀ TCID₅₀/mL, and for IBV as log₁₀PFU/mL. Single asterisk indicates effective viral reduction (≥3 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mL or log₁₀PFU/mL). Viral titer <1.90 log₁₀TCID₅₀/mL and <2.10 log₁₀PFU/mL indicates the virus was inactivated to undetectable level.