Table 2. Details of signalment, clinical signs and duration and radiographic findings observed in each nasal disease.
| Items | Neoplasia | Sino-nasal aspergillosis | Non-infectious rhinitis | Rhinitis secondary to dental disease | Rhinitis secondary to foreign body | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group M (n=38) | Group V (n=44) | Group M (n=5) | Group V (n=2) | Group M (n=33) | Group V (n=21) | Group M (n=15) | Group V (n=9) | Group M (n=12) | Group V (n=10) | Group M (n=103) | Group V (n=86) | ||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Breed | Brachycephalic | 29 | 76.3 | 36 | 81.8 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 28 | 84.8 | 17 | 81.0 | 12 | 80.0 | 8 | 88.9 | 8 | 66.6 | 7 | 70.0 | 82 | 79.6 | 70 | 81.4 |
| Mesocephalic and dolichocephalic | 9 | 23.7 | 8 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 15.2 | 4 | 19.0 | 3 | 20.0 | 1 | 11.1 | 4 | 33.4 | 3 | 30.0 | 21 | 20.4 | 16 | 18.6 | |
| Sex | Male | 17 | 44.7 | 19 | 43.2 | 4 | 80.0 | 2 | 100 | 21 | 63.6 | 14 | 71.4 | 10 | 66.7 | 5 | 55.6 | 8 | 66.6 | 7 | 60.0 | 60 | 58.3 | 47 | 54.7 |
| Female | 21 | 55.3 | 25 | 56.8 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 36.4 | 7 | 28.6 | 5 | 33.3 | 4 | 44.4 | 4 | 33.4 | 3 | 40.0 | 43 | 41.7 | 39 | 45.3 | |
| Age | 0–1 years | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8.3 | 1 | 10.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 1.2 |
| 2–5 years | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 6 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11.2 | 8 | 66.6 | 1 | 10.0 | 15 | 14.6 | 5 | 5.8 | |
| 6–11 years | 22 | 57.9 | 20 | 45.5 | 3 | 60.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 24 | 72.7 | 17 | 81.0 | 11 | 73.3 | 4 | 44.4 | 2 | 16.8 | 3 | 30.0 | 62 | 60.2 | 45 | 52.3 | |
| ≥12 years | 16 | 42.1 | 22 | 50.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9.1 | 4 | 19.0 | 4 | 26.7 | 4 | 44.4 | 1 | 8.3 | 5 | 50.0 | 25 | 24.3 | 35 | 40.7 | |
| Clinical signs | Palate ptosis | 4 | 10.5 | 3 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3.9 | 3 | 3.5 |
| Sneezing | 25 | 65.8 | 26 | 59.1 | 4 | 80.0 | 2 | 100 | 26 | 78.8 | 17 | 81.0 | 13 | 86.7 | 8 | 88.9 | 9 | 75.0 | 9 | 90.0 | 77 | 74.8 | 62 | 72.1 | |
| Reverse sneezing | 13 | 34.2 | 9 | 20.5 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 20 | 60.6 | 9 | 42.9 | 7 | 46.7 | 3 | 33.3 | 7 | 58.3 | 5 | 50.0 | 48 | 46.6 | 27 | 31.4 | |
| Nasal discharge | 29 | 76.3 | 23 | 52.3 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 32 | 97 | 21 | 100 | 14 | 93.3 | 8 | 88.9 | 11 | 91.7 | 10 | 100 | 91 | 88.3 | 64 | 74.4 | |
| Unilateral | 21 | 55.3 | 20 | 45.5 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 5 | 15.2 | 7 | 33.3 | 5 | 33.3 | 6 | 66.7 | 9 | 75.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 45 | 43.7 | 41 | 47.7 | |
| Bilateral | 8 | 21.1 | 3 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 81.8 | 14 | 66.7 | 9 | 60.0 | 2 | 22.2 | 2 | 16.8 | 4 | 40.0 | 46 | 44.7 | 23 | 26.7 | |
| Serous nasal discharge | 16 | 42.1 | 12 | 27.3 | 4 | 80.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 26 | 78.8 | 15 | 71.4 | 11 | 73.3 | 4 | 44.4 | 8 | 66.6 | 6 | 60.0 | 65 | 63.1 | 38 | 44.2 | |
| Purulent nasal discharge | 10 | 26.3 | 10 | 22.7 | 4 | 80.0 | 2 | 100 | 28 | 84.8 | 17 | 81.0 | 13 | 86.7 | 6 | 66.7 | 7 | 58.3 | 9 | 90.0 | 62 | 60.2 | 44 | 51.2 | |
| Hemorrhagic nasal discharge | 19 | 50.0 | 15 | 34.1 | 3 | 60.0 | 2 | 100 | 4 | 12.1 | 6 | 28.6 | 4 | 26.7 | 6 | 66.7 | 7 | 58.3 | 5 | 50.0 | 37 | 35.9 | 34 | 39.5 | |
| Epistaxis | 15 | 39.5 | 21 | 47.7 | 2 | 40.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10.0 | 18 | 17.5 | 24 | 27.9 | |
| Starter | 16 | 42.1 | 17 | 38.6 | 2 | 40.0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 24.2 | 6 | 28.6 | 1 | 6.7 | 3 | 33.3 | 4 | 33.4 | 5 | 50.0 | 31 | 30.1 | 31 | 36.0 | |
| Facial deformity | 8 | 21.1 | 15 | 34.1 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 9.7 | 15 | 17.4 | |
| Snore | 16 | 42.1 | 8 | 18.2 | 3 | 60.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 12 | 36.4 | 5 | 23.8 | 5 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | 7 | 58.3 | 5 | 50.0 | 43 | 41.7 | 22 | 25.6 | |
| Duration of clinical signs | <1 months | 9 | 23.7 | 15 | 34.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.1 | 2 | 9.1 | 3 | 20.0 | 3 | 33.3 | 4 | 33.4 | 1 | 10.0 | 17 | 16.5 | 21 | 24.4 |
| 1–3 months | 16 | 42.1 | 13 | 29.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 50.0 | 8 | 24.2 | 5 | 22.7 | 8 | 53.4 | 2 | 22.2 | 3 | 25.0 | 4 | 40.0 | 35 | 34.0 | 25 | 29.1 | |
| 3–6 months | 5 | 13.2 | 10 | 22.7 | 3 | 60.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 11 | 33.3 | 4 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 33.3 | 3 | 25.0 | 3 | 30.0 | 22 | 21.4 | 21 | 24.4 | |
| 6–12 months | 7 | 18.4 | 5 | 11.4 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 21.2 | 7 | 31.8 | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 11.2 | 1 | 8.3 | 1 | 10.0 | 18 | 17.5 | 14 | 16.3 | |
| >1 years | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 2.3 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 18.2 | 3 | 18.2 | 2 | 13.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8.3 | 1 | 10.0 | 11 | 10.6 | 5 | 5.8 | |
| Radiographic findings | Unilateral increased opacity | 7 | 18.4 | 7 | 15.9 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 5 | 15.2 | 1 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11.1 | 4 | 33.4 | 1 | 10.0 | 17 | 16.5 | 11 | 12.8 |
| Bilateral increased opacity | 24 | 63.2 | 32 | 72.7 | 4 | 80.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 25 | 75.8 | 17 | 81.0 | 12 | 80.0 | 6 | 66.7 | 6 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 71 | 68.9 | 61 | 70.9 | |
| Lateralitya | 19 | 50.0 | 24 | 54.5 | 2 | 40.0 | 2 | 100 | 12 | 36.4 | 4 | 19.0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 22.2 | 6 | 50.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 39 | 37.9 | 34 | 39.5 | |
| Osteoclasiab | 26 | 68.4 | 30 | 68.2 | 4 | 80.0 | 2 | 100 | 23 | 69.7 | 7 | 33.3 | 5 | 33.3 | 4 | 44.4 | 6 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 64 | 62.1 | 48 | 55.8 | |
| Destruction of the turbinate bone | 24 | 63.2 | 27 | 61.4 | 4 | 80.0 | 2 | 100 | 22 | 66.7 | 6 | 28.6 | 5 | 33.3 | 3 | 33.3 | 6 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 61 | 59.2 | 43 | 50.0 | |
| Destruction of the cribriform plate bone | 18 | 47.3 | 16 | 36.4 | 2 | 40.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 14 | 42.4 | 2 | 9.5 | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 11.1 | 3 | 25.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 39 | 37.9 | 22 | 25.6 | |
| Destruction or displacement of the nasal septum | 10 | 26.3 | 14 | 31.8 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 3 | 9.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10.0 | 14 | 13.6 | 17 | 19.8 | |
| Destruction of other bonesc | 9 | 23.7 | 10 | 22.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 8.7 | 10 | 11.6 | |
| Increased opacity of the frontal sinus | 29 | 76.3 | 33 | 75.0 | 5 | 100 | 2 | 100 | 26 | 78.8 | 15 | 71.4 | 11 | 73.3 | 6 | 66.7 | 8 | 66.6 | 5 | 50.0 | 79 | 76.7 | 61 | 70.9 | |
| Decreased opacity of periodontal membrane | 6 | 15.8 | 4 | 9.1 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 33.3 | 2 | 9.5 | 7 | 46.7 | 3 | 33.3 | 6 | 50.0 | 1 | 10.0 | 31 | 30.1 | 10 | 11.6 | |
a Laterality indicates that there is a difference in the strength of the increased opacity in the nasal cavity. Even bilateral increased opacity were included as positive if there was a difference in strength between the left and right nasal cavity. b Osteoclasia was included as positive if destruction at least one of the nasal turbinate bone, cribriform plate bone, nasal septum, or other bones was observed. c Other bones included the nasal bone, maxilla, and frontal bone.