Fig. 1.

(a–c). Maps of INTREPID II catchment areas in India, Nigeria and Trinidad. Black borders indicate the boundaries of the total catchment area in each setting and the administrative areas within these. Green, yellow and pink voxels indicate level of urbanicity according to the GHS-SMOD classification system using the Degree of Urbanisation (DEGURBA) methodology, developed by EuroSAT (Florczyk et al., 2019; Joint Research Centre (JRC) European Commission, & Center for International Earth Science Information Network – CIESIN – Columbia University, 2021). EuroSAT's DEGURBA methodology. This applies a set of decision rules that consider population and built-up area densities derived from the GHS-POP and GHS-BUILT data sets, which use spatial data mining technologies that rely on a combination of fine-scale satellite image data streams, census data, and crowd sourced or volunteered geographic information sources (see https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/ghsl-population-built-up-estimates-degree-urban-smod). Pink indicates urban areas (Class 30: ‘Urban Centre’, Class 23: ‘Dense Urban Cluster’, and Class 22: ‘Semi-dense Urban Cluster’), yellow indicates peri-urban areas (Class 21: ‘Suburban or peri-urban’), while green indicates rural areas (Class 13: ‘Rural cluster’, Class 12: ‘Low Density Rural’, and Class 11: ‘Very low density rural’).