Table 4.

Evaluative space model definitions and formulas

Variable	Definition	Equation
Positivity intercept	Positive affective output when affective input is absent	b in the equation E = Ax + b where E = unipolar positivity rating and A = mean arousal rating
Positivity slope	Change in positive affective output per 1 unit change in arousal	x in the equation E = Ax + b where E = unipolar positivity rating and A = mean arousal rating
Negativity intercept	Negative affective output when affective input is absent	b in the equation E = Ax + b where E = unipolar negativity rating and A = mean arousal rating
Negativity slope	Change in negative affective output per 1 unit change in arousal	x in the equation E = Ax + b where E = unipolar negativity rating and A = mean arousal rating
Positivity offset	Greater positive affective output than negative affective output when affective input is absent leading to approach motivation	Positivity intercept – Negativity intercept
Negativity bias	Greater gain in negative affective output than positive affective output with increasing levels of affective input leading to withdrawal motivation	Negativity slope – Positivity slope

Note. Adapted from Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan (2012).