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. 2023 Oct 26;23:367. doi: 10.1186/s12876-023-02995-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — (A) CT in the coronal plane of a patient displaying the levels of muscle examination of different methods (yellow line: CT positioning line; upper red line: upper boundary at L1; lower red line: lower boundary at L1); (B) Exemplary CT of the cross-section of the erector spinal muscles in a patient. The image detail outlined by the red line depicts the detected erector spinal cross-sectional area. L1: the 1st lumbar vertebra