TABLE 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for depression.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Tinnitus | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 2.70 (2.26, 3.22) | <.0001 | 2.00 (1.61, 2.48) | <.001 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.71 (1.42, 2.05) | <.0001 | 2.13 (1.75, 2.59) | <.001 |
| Age | ||||
| 20 ~ 29 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 30 ~ 39 | 1.21 (0.85, 1.73) | .27 | 1.37 (0.92, 2.02) | .11 |
| 40 ~ 49 | 1.14 (0.76, 1.73) | .53 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.88) | .3 |
| 50 ~ 59 | 1.45 (1.09, 1.93) | .01 | 1.21 (0.78, 1.86) | .4 |
| 60 ~ 69 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.74) | .64 | 0.90 (0.52, 1.57) | .7 |
| 70 ~ 79 | 0.76 (0.51, 1.13) | .17 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.75) | .004 |
| 80~ | 0.81 (0.55, 1.20) | .30 | 0.31 (0.15, 0.65) | .003 |
| Race | ||||
| Non‐Hispanic White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 1.19 (0.94, 1.50) | .15 | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | .016 |
| Mexican American | 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) | .43 | 0.58 (0.39, 0.85) | .006 |
| Other Race | 1.23 (0.88, 1.72) | .23 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.60) | .6 |
| Poverty index quartiles | ||||
| <1.3 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1.3–3.5 | 0.46 (0.36, 0.58) | <.0001 | 0.59 (0.46, 0.76) | <.001 |
| >3.5 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.26) | <.0001 | 0.31 (0.21, 0.44) | <.001 |
| Educational level | ||||
| <12th grade | Ref. | Ref. | – | |
| 12th grade | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | .001 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | .3 |
| >12th grade | 0.46 (0.36, 0.59) | <.0001 | 0.87 (0.63, 1.20) | .4 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Living with partner | 2.16 (1.60, 2.93) | <.0001 | 1.52 (1.04, 2.23) | .031 |
| Separated | 4.35 (3.22, 5.88) | <.0001 | 2.31 (1.70, 3.14) | <.001 |
| Divorced | 2.70 (2.08, 3.49) | <.0001 | 1.38 (1.01, 1.89) | .045 |
| Widowed | 2.63 (1.85, 3.72) | <.0001 | 2.27 (1.32, 3.91) | .004 |
| Never married | 2.38 (1.88, 3.03) | <.0001 | 2.28 (1.67, 3.11) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.83 (1.52, 2.21) | <.0001 | 1.42 (1.10, 1.82) | .008 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.57 (1.29, 1.90) | <.0001 | 1.21 (0.96, 1.52) | .10 |
| Smoke Status | ||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Former | 1.31 (0.99, 1.74) | .05 | 1.29 (0.92, 1.82) | .13 |
| Now | 3.46 (2.67, 4.48) | <.0001 | 2.52 (1.88, 3.37) | <.001 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Former | 1.78 (1.25, 2.54) | .002 | 1.55 (1.02, 2.36) | .040 |
| Mild | 0.72 (0.55, 0.94) | .02 | 0.92 (0.64, 1.32) | .6 |
| Moderate | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | .96 | 0.98 (0.63, 1.54) | >.9 |
| Heavy | 1.49 (1.13, 1.97) | .01 | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) | .4 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Overweight | 0.86 (0.64, 1.14) | .28 | 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) | >.9 |
| Obese | 1.42 (1.09, 1.84) | .01 | 1.24 (0.93, 1.65) | .14 |
| Subjective hearing condition | ||||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.63 (1.25, 2.12) | <.001 | 1.55 (1.14, 2.12) | .006 |
| A little trouble | 2.46 (1.87, 3.24) | <.0001 | 2.13 (1.46, 3.12) | <.001 |
| Bad | 3.59 (2.56, 5.04) | <.0001 | 3.75 (2.44, 5.74) | <.001 |