Table 4.
Describing evaluation of Hantavirus vaccines in various animal models and some vaccines currently undergoing clinical trials.
| Vaccine type | Antigen | Animal model | Immunogenicity evaluation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated vaccine | Formalin inactivated HNTV | Humans | Humoral response Neutralizing antibodies | Khan et al. (2019) |
| Virus-like particles | HTNV-VLP with CD40L or GM-CSF | Mice | Cytotoxic response Neutralization antibody Cytolytic activity | Dong et al. (2019) |
| M | DHFR-deficient CHO cells | Antigen-specific IFN-γ production Effective against HTNV Still in developing phases |
Dong et al. (2019) | |
| Virus-vector vaccines | Replication-competent VSV-vectored SNV or ANDV glycoproteins | Syrian Hamster | Cross-reactive IgG antibodies Neutralizing antibodies |
Warner et al. (2019) |
| Replication-competent VSV-vectored ANDV glycoproteins | Syrian Hamsters | Neutralizing antibodies | Prescott et al. (2014) | |
| Non-replicating Ad vector expressing N, Gn, Gc, or Gn/Gc | Syrian Hamsters | CD8+ cell response Neutralizing antibodies | Safronetz et al. (2009) | |
| Recombinant vaccines | Yeast-expressed DOBV nucleoprotein | Mice | NP-specific IgG response Th1/Th2 response Cross-reactivity with HTNV and PUUV |
Geldmacher et al. (2004) |
| Nucleoproteins from ANDV, TOPV, DOBV or PUUV | Bank voles | Specific CD8+ cell production Cross-reactive response against PUUV |
de Carvalho et al. (2002) | |
| Truncated recombinant PUUV nucleoprotein linked to bacterial membrane protein | Mice | CD8+ T-cell response NP IgG response | Maes et al. (2006) | |
| DNA vaccines | HTNV/PUUV/SNV/ANDV M gene segment mix | Rabbits | Neutralizing antibodies | Hooper et al. (2013) |
| HTNV M segment | Rhesus macaques | Neutralizing antibodies Cross-reactivity with SEOV and DOBV | Hooper et al. (2001) | |
| ANDV and HNTV M gene segments | Rhesus macaques | Neutralizing antibodies | Hooper et al. (2006) | |
| SNV M gene segment | Syrian hamsters | Neutralizing antibodies | Hooper et al. (2013) | |
| PUUV M gene segment | Syrian hamsters | Protection against lethal ANDV infection, without nAbs Neutralizing antibodies |
Brocato et al. (2013) | |
| Gn glycoprotein | BALB/c mice | Effective against HTNV Still in developing phases | Jiang D.-B. et al. (2017) | |
| Subunit vaccines | NP (nucleocapsid protein) | E.coli mutant ICONE NMRI mice | Effective against PUUV In developing Phases | Maes et al. (2008) |