Table 2.

Key ethics concerns described in guidance documents

Theme	Subtheme	Key topics
Safety and privacy	Safety and risk	Effectively assessing safety and risk
		Sensitive applications (e.g., military/dual use, malign use, manipulation)
		Particular sensitivity due to complexity and significance of the brain
		Particular sensitivity of using neurotechnologies with children
	Privacy	Effective informed consent for data use / privacy concerns
		Use of repurposed data or unexpected future uses
		Reidentification
		Control of data; user ability to amend or delete
		Cultural differences in the importance and meaning of privacy
Equity and justice	Equity and	Equitable distribution of new technologies and therapeutics
	distributive justice	Equitable distribution of risks
		Diversity, inclusion, and avoidance of social/cultural bias in research
		Non-human animal research
	Discrimination and	Protection from brain-data-based discrimination
	stigma	Pressure to use enhancements
		Definitions of ‘normal’ and potential for stigma
Agency, autonomy,	Consent	Meaningful informed consent
and identity		Continuing consent when using technologies that may alter the mind
	Manipulation	Ability of neurotechnologies to manipulate people
		Limiting use in manipulative applications
	Human-ness	Integrity of person
		Regard for donors of, e.g., brain tissue
		Moral significance of synthetically created neural systems