Table 3.

Key governance concerns described in guidance documents

Theme	Subtheme	Key topics
Public policy	Innovation and regulation	Streamlining/enhancing commercialization pathways
		Drawbacks of shareholder-value motivations
		Licensing issues
		Importance of post-market surveillance
	Limitations of existing governance structures	Regulatory gap between medical and non-medical consumer products
		Difficulty governing concepts involving the brain (e.g., agency)
		Gaps in research ethics, medical ethics, and human rights documents
		Technical capacity of oversight bodies
	Coordination and dialog	Importance of international dialog and cooperation
		Importance of dialog between stakeholders (e.g., between researchers/developers and governance bodies)
		Public participation, education, and dialog
Neuroscience research	Neuroethics in research	Ethics training for scientists
		Building neuroethics infrastructure
		Neuroethics as a tool to both avoid mishaps and engage with societal dimensions of research
		Oversight bodies (e.g., IRBs)
	Accelerating research	Data sharing (e.g., clinical trials, negative results)
		Computational resources and platforms for researchers
Clinical practice	Ethical structures	Patient-physician relationships
		Conflicts of interest
		Distinctions between clinical practice and research
		Oversight bodies (e.g., ethics committees)
		Independent consultations
	Comparisons with	Evidentiary standard to use neurotechnologies
	classical therapies	Potential superiority of ‘low-tech’ methods
		Whether enhancement is a core goal of medicine