TABLE 2.
Homing markers on CD4 T cells for increased target-specificity.
| Homing marker (T cell receptor) | Binding molecule (tissue target) | Organism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCR1 (CD191) | CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL16 (induced by inflammation) | mammals | Neote et al. (1993) |
| CCR2 (CD192) | CCL2, CCL7, CCL12 (induced by inflammation) | most animals | Boring et al. (1997) |
| CCR3 (CD193) | CCL5, CCL7, CCL8 (induced by inflammation) | mammals | Gerber et al. (1997) |
| CCR4 (CD194) | CCL17, CCL22 (induced by inflammation) | most animals | Imai et al. (1999) |
| CCR5 (CD195) | CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 (induced by inflammation) | most animals | Reviewed in (Oppermann, 2004) |
| CCR6 (CD196) | CCL20 (skin, intestine) | most animals | Cook et al. (2000) |
| CCR7 (CD197) | CCL19, CCL21 (lymphoid organs) | most animals | Förster et al. (1999) |
| CCR8 (CD198) | CCL1 (induced by inflammation) | mammals, birds, fish | Schaerli et al. (2004) |
| CCR9 (CD199) | CCL25 (small intestine) | most animals | Uehara et al. (2002) |
| CCR10 (GPR2) | CCL27 (skin, increased with inflammation) | mammals, birds, reptiles | Homey et al. (2002) |
| CD44 (Hermes-1) | Hyaluronic acid, E-selectin (tissue injury) | most animals | Horst et al. (1990) |
| CD62L (SELL) | α-Actinin, CaM, ERM proteins, PKC and others (vaculature and lymph nodes entry) | most animals | Reviewed in (Ivetic et al., 2019) |
| CX3CR1 (V28) | CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) (migration and survival of some CD4 subsets) | mammals, birds, reptiles | Yadav et al. (2011) |
| CXCR1 (IL8RA) | CXCL6 (GCP2), CXCL8 (IL-8) (inflammation, tumors) | mammals, fish | Francis et al. (2004) |
| CXCR2 (IL8RB) | CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 (inflammation, tumors) | mammals | Jin et al. (2019a) |
| CXCR3 (GPR9) | CXCL9, CXCL10 (IP-10) (inflammation sites mediated by IFNγ) | mammals, reptiles, fish | Reviewed in Groom and Luster (2011) |
| CXCR4 (Fusin) | CXCL12 (SDF-1) (marrow microenvironment) | most animals | Reviewed in Burger and Bürkle (2007) |
| CXCR5 (MDR15) | CXCL13 (BLC) (migration to lymphoid organs, mostly for B cells) | most animals | Reviewed in Kazanietz et al. (2019) |
| CXCR6 (Bonzo) | CXCL16 (Th1 inflammation) | mammals, reptiles, amphibians | Agostini et al. (2005) |
| ESL-1 (CFR-1) | E-selectin (CD62E) (inflamed venules) | most animals | Reviewed in Hidalgo et al. (2007) |
| PSGL-1 (CD162) | P-, E−, L-selectin, VISTA, CCL19, CCL21 and others (inflammation, tumors) | mammals and reptiles | Reviewed in DeRogatis et al. (2021) |
| ST2 (IL1RL1) | IL-33 (Th2 inflammation) | most animals | Shimizu et al. (2005) |
| α4β1 (VLA-4) | VCAM-1 (bone marrow and sites of inflammation) | most animals | Reviewed in Chavakis (2012) |
| α4β7 (LPAM-1) | MAdCAM-1 (mesenteric LN, small intestine, sites of inflammation) | most animals | Berlin et al. (1993) |
| αEβ7 (CD103) | E-cadherin (epithelia) | mammals, reptiles, fish | Higgins et al. (1998) |
| αLβ2 (LFA-1) | ICAM-1 (postcapillary venules, increased with inflammation) | mammals, reptiles, fish | Reviewed in Yusuf-Makagiansar et al. (2002) |
| αvβ6 (ITGB6) | fibronectin, tenascin-C, LAP of TGF-β1, others (solid tumors, inflamed tissues) | most animals | Reviewed in Bandyopadhyay and Raghavan, (2009) |