Fig. 2. SEI composition and structure 1 µs after the initial contact of EC + 1.2 M LiPF₆ and lithium metal for varying EC ring-opening energies ΔG^‡.

a Resulting species distribution in kMC box. b Number of SEI molecules over the height. The dashed lines represent the initial lithium metal surface (left) and the maximum electron transport distance (right). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.