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. 2023 Oct 26;8:163. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00759-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic representation of the Whole Blood Assay (WBA). b Flower plots show expression levels of 21 cytokines in pg/mL induced by treatment of whole blood with adjuvants at a 1:100 dilution for LNP, OIW, and Other, and 1:1000 dilution for Soluble formulations. Dose-response curves (mean + SD) indicate TNF production across a five-point dilution series, along with a vehicle control. Top concentrations reflect least diluted, as above. Further dilutions were 1/6 (v/v) in RPMI for all formulations. c Heat map indicating log10 MFI of activation markers across cell types. Dose-response curves measuring percentage of HLA-DR⁺ monocytes. Stars above a data point on dose-response curves indicate statistical significance relative to vehicle control using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnet’s method for multiple comparison testing. Stars adjacent to vertical bars on dose-response curves (mean + SD) indicate statistically significant differences between treatment groups at a given concentration using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison testing. N = 5 for all readouts, except CXCL8 where N = 2. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).