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. 2023 Oct 26;8:163. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00759-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — MoDCs were stimulated with adjuvants at a 1:100 dilution for LNP, OIW, and Other, and 1:1000 dilution for Soluble formulations, before flow cytometric analysis of treatment-induced migrated cells and quantification of treatment-induced cytokine secretion. a Schematic representation of the monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) assasy. b Flower plots depict expression levels of 21 cytokines in pg/mL induced by treatment with adjuvants at their top concentrations. Dose-response curves show IL-1β production across a five-point dilution series (1/6 (v/v) each dilution, for all formulations) alongside a vehicle control. c Calculated D-values quantify the extent of synergy between MPL and QS-21 in each formulation type. D-values > 1 indicate antagonism, <1 indicate synergy, and =1 indicate additivity. (Box-whisker plots: centre line: median; bounds: 25th/75th percentile; whiskers; lowest/highest point). d Surface expression of four activation markers based on log10 MFI. Stars above a data point on flower plots and dose-response curves indicate statistical significance relative to vehicle control using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnet’s method for multiple comparison testing. N = 5 for all assays. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).