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. 2023 Oct 26;13:18341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44050-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Specificity testing of transmembrane exo-proteins in plasma samples from different cancer types using the ExoProfile chip. (a) Heatmap showing the relative intensity distribution of each exo-protein marker across 90 plasma samples comprising of 12 non-ovarian cancers commonly diagnosed in women (n = 60; 5 per each cancer type), ovarian cancer (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 20). (b) Quantification and comparison of transmembrane exo-protein biomarkers on captured CD81 + EVs in non-ovarian cancers (n = 60), ovarian cancers (n = 10), and healthy control samples (n = 20). The dotted line represents background fluorescence from a negative control channel. p-values were calculated using Mann–Whitney U test. These samples were subjected to two separate tests on different chips, and the reported values represent the average of two experiments. AML: acute myeloid leukemia, DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ, IDC: invasive ductal carcinoma, DLBC: diffuse large B cell lymphoma.