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. 2023 Oct 26;13:18371. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45374-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Temporal progression of HRV indices during the videoconferencing (red) and face-to-face conditions (green). (b) Boxplots of the average over time indices (within participants) for both conditions. Statistically significant differences between the conditions are denoted with asterisks (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). (c) Relationship between ECG features and BMIS items (standardized fixed effects of BMIS item scores on various HRV indices (i.e., HR, LF_nu, HF_nu, ln[LF/HF], pNN50, RMSSD, and SDRR)). (d) Relationship between ECG features and ZEF items (standardized fixed effects of ZEF item scores on HRV indices). The sign of the effect represents the directionality of the association. A yellow color gradient indicates a positive relationship, while a blue color gradient indicates a negative relationship. Red dots denote statistically significant associations (p < 0.05). Note that each ZEF dimension contains three items as described in the Supplementary Material (e.g., general fatigue contains three questions that have been merged to one dimension in this figure and the same applies for visual, social, motivational, and emotional fatigue).