TABLE 1.

The differences between normoxic and hypoxic MSCs.

Cell type	Differences	Ref
Normoxic MSCs	- Differentiate into osteoblast most rapidly	Raheja et al. (2010b)
	- Survival rate is Low compared to hypoxic conditions	Wang et al. (2008a), Hu et al. (2008)
	- Degrade phosphorylation of the Akt signaling pathway	Hill et al. (2009)
	- Cell proliferation rate is Low compared to hypoxic conditions	Grayson et al. (2007b)
	- Transcriptional activity of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is ubiquitinated and degraded and reduce the angiogenesis	Hill et al. (2009)
Hypoxic MSCs	- Reduce differentiate into osteoblast	Raheja et al. (2010b)
	- Increased adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation	Basciano et al. (2011a), Valorani et al. (2012)
	- Enhanced skeletal muscle regeneration, improved blood flow and vascular formation	Leroux et al. (2010)
	- Expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4, CXCR7, and CX3CR1 was upregulated (play an important role in damaged-tissue-specific trafficking and homing of MSCs)	Hung et al. (2007a), Liu et al. (2012a), Saller et al. (2012), Tsai et al. (2012)
	- Increased level of glucose resulting from gluconeogenesis	Ren et al. (2006a), Martin-Rendon et al. (2007a), Hung et al. (2007b)
	- Overexpression of HIF-1, increase in erythropoietin receptors, and anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, followed by decreased Caspase-3 levels	Wang et al. (2008a), Hu et al. (2008)
	- Increase phosphorylation of the Akt signaling pathway	Hill et al. (2009)
	- Increased cell proliferation rate	Grayson et al. (2007b), Martin-Rendon et al. (2007b)
	- Enhanced the migration capacity	Hung et al. (2012c)
	- Decreased the time necessary for the cell population to double and increase in the number of cells in the G2/S/M phase	D’Ippolito et al. (2006), Ren et al. (2006b)
	- Increased secretion of VEGF and (MT1-MMP), reduced levels of (MMP2)	Wu et al. (2007)
	- Decreased expression of TGF-β3, increased expression of FGF2 and VEGF	Potier et al. (2007)