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. 2023 Oct 12;14:1159288. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1159288

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Copyright © 2023 He, Luo, Lv, Li, Ke, Niu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biomarkers and parameters of atherosclerosis. Biomarkers, imaging parameters, biomechanical parameters, and anatomical parameters act as valuable indicators at distinct stages of atherosclerosis. Combining them to assess atheromatous plaques and vessels is fundamental and aids in predicting and guiding treatment. WSS, wall shear stress; IMT, intima-media thickening; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor 15; IPH, intraplaque hemorrhage; TPA, total plaque area; TPV, total plaque volume; WSSG, wall shear stress gradient; TA-WSS, time-averaged WSS; APS, the axial plaque stress; PR, pressure ratio; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase (Created with BioRender.com).