Table 3.
Association between optical service characteristics and spectacle quality (n=266)
| Number of optimal spectacles n (%) |
OR | 95% CI | P value* | |
| Distance chart type | ||||
| Paper | 77/163 (47.2%) | 1.00 | ||
| Lit chart | 35/70 (50.0%) | 1.12 | 0.71 to 1.77 | 0.637 |
| Computer chart | 0/4 (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Other | 2/9 (22.2%) | 0.32 | 0.05 to 2.05 | 0.229 |
| Unsure | 4/20 (20.0%) | |||
| Focimetry performed | ||||
| No/Did not take spectacles | 7/53 (13.2%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 111/213 (52.1%) | 7.15 | 3.02 to 16.94 | <0.001 |
| Distance visual acuity checked | ||||
| No | 11/67 (16.4%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 107/199 (53.8%) | 5.92 | 2.95 to 11.90 | <0.001 |
| Visual acuity checked with pinhole | ||||
| No | 116/256 (45.3%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2/10 (20.0%) | 0.30 | 0.06 to 1.47 | 0.139 |
| Near visual acuity checked | ||||
| No | 69/140 (49.3%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 49/126 (38.9%) | 0.65 | 0.35 to 1.22 | 0.184 |
| Autorefraction performed | ||||
| No | 101/209 (48.3%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 17/57 (29.8%) | 0.45 | 0.22 to 0.92 | 0.029 |
| Retinoscopy performed | ||||
| No | 115/256 (44.9%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 3/10 (30.0%) | 0.53 | 0.09 to 2.91 | 0.461 |
| Distance subjective refraction | ||||
| Spherical and cylinder power not tested | 29/69 (42.0%) | 1.00 | ||
| Only spherical component tested | 70/143 (49.0%) | 1.32 | 0.80 to 2.19 | 0.275 |
| Only cylinder tested | 10/15 (66.7%) | 2.76 | 0.81 to 9.36 | 0.104 |
| Sphere and cylinder tested | 9/39 (23.1%) | 0.41 | 0.15 to 1.14 | 0.088 |
| Near visual acuity tested with distance lenses | ||||
| No | 80/152 (52.6%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 38/114 (33.3%) | 0.45 | 0.28 to 0.73 | 0.001 |
| Near subjective refraction performed | ||||
| No | 58/114 (50.9%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 60/152 (39.5%) | 0.63 | 0.35 to 1.13 | 0.121 |
| Clinician used a phoropter† | ||||
| No | 89/199 (44.7%) | NA | ||
| Yes | 0/2 (0.0%) | NA | ||
| Clinician used a trial frame† | ||||
| No | 1/8 (12.5%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 88/193 (45.6%) | 0.63 | 0.35 to 1.13 | 0.121 |
| Distance pupillary distance checked | ||||
| No | 111/231 (48.1%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 7/35 (20.0%) | 0.27 | 0.10 to 0.71 | 0.007 |
| Communication clear during eye test | ||||
| No | 9/32 (28.1%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 109/234 (46.6%) | 2.23 | 1.06 to 4.67 | 0.034 |
| Communication clear about outcomes | ||||
| No | 8/34 (23.5%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 110/232 (47.4%) | 2.93 | 1.40 to 6.11 | 0.004 |
|
Communication clear about need for glasses
|
||||
| No | 7/28 (25.0%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 111/238 (46.6%) | 2.62 | 1.08 to 6.37 | 0.033 |
*Assessed via univariable logistic regression, accounting for within-optical service correlation.
†Excludes 65 visits at which distance refraction was not performed.